Abstract
This article memorializes Phebe K. Cramer (1936-2021). Phebe K. Cramer was a consummate researcher, clinician, administrator, and athlete. Her most notable contribution as a psychologist was the creation and validation of a model of defense mechanism development and 30+ years of experimental, longitudinal, and cross-sectional research providing empirical support for the model. Her Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM) permits interscorer-reliable coding of developmentally anchored defenses in thematic apperception test (TAT) stories, and her longitudinal publications demonstrate the impact of defenses on personality development from adolescence through adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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