Phases II and IV of 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene: Ab initio crystal structure determination by high‐resolution powder diffraction

Abstract

The hitherto unknown structures of stable crystal phases II and IV of undeuterated 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, TCM9H (phase II, above T III→II=314 K, and phase IV, below T III→IV≃160 K, phase III in between) have been solved ab initio from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, respectively, at 343 K by direct methods and at 50 K using a Monte-Carlo simulated annealing method. They have been then refined for perdeuterated TCM (TCM9D, same behaviour as TCM9H) against high‐resolution powder neutron diffraction data at 343 and 2 K, respectively. Phase II is disordered (space group P 2 1/ n, Z=2, a=15.12984(13) Å, b=3.92080(3) Å, c=8.27786(8) Å, β=90.8374(8)°), whilst phase IV is ordered (space group P 1 ¯ , Z=2, a=7.42872(5) Å, b=8.75731(6) Å, c=8.76246(6) Å, α=59.8543(4)°, β=68.2959(5)°, γ=73.1654(6)°). The mechanisms driving both reconstructive phase transitions at T III→II and T III→ IV are described at a microscopic level; it is shown that they involve rotations of the molecules (out-of-plane and in-plane, respectively, with regard to the molecular plane of phase III) leading to huge atomic displacements up to 2.0 and 1.2 Å, respectively. The molecular conformation in phase IV is compared to the one obtained from DFT quantum chemistry calculations for an isolated molecule in order to extract the characteristics of the inter-molecular interactions and the deuteron nuclear densities are extracted at 2 K.