Abstract
Unlike conventional two-level particles, three-level particles may support some unitary-invariant phase factors when they interact coherently with a single-mode quantized light field. To gain a better understanding of light-matter interaction, it is thus necessary to explore the phase-factor-dependent physics in such a system. In this report, we consider the collective interaction between degenerate V-type three-level particles and a single-mode quantized light field, whose different components are labeled by different phase factors. We mainly establish an important relation between the phase factors and the symmetry or symmetry-broken physics. Specifically, we find that the phase factors affect dramatically the system symmetry. When these symmetries are breaking separately, rich quantum phases emerge. Finally, we propose a possible scheme to experimentally probe the predicted physics of our model. Our work provides a way to explore phase-factor-induced nontrivial physics by introducing additional particle levels.
Highlights
Unlike conventional two-level particles, three-level particles may support some unitary-invariant phase factors when they interact coherently with a single-mode quantized light field
As a fundamental model of many-body physics, the Dicke model describes the collective interaction between two-level particles and a single-mode quantized light field[5]
When increasing the collective coupling strength, this model exhibits a second-order quantum phase transition from a normal state to a superradiant state[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22], with the breaking of the discrete Z2 symmetry (Here we intentionally use the wording “normal/superradiant state” instead of “normal/superradiant phase”, since the word “phase” in the latter may be confused with another nomenclature “phase difference” which we will mention below)
Summary
Unlike conventional two-level particles, three-level particles may support some unitary-invariant phase factors when they interact coherently with a single-mode quantized light field. The interaction Hamiltonian of the standard two-level Dicke model becomes a phase-factor-dependent form, i.e., Hint ∝ (aeiφ + a†e−iφ)(J− + J+), (1)
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