Abstract
Significant fluctuations in the light oil yield obtained from laboratory and pilot scale models of heavy oil upgrading, coal/oil coprocessing and direct coal liquefaction processes, arising from apparently minor perturbations in operating conditions, are frequently attributed to synergism. Some aspects of observed synergistic behaviour are explained in terms of relevant liquid-liquid and fluid-fluid equilibria. Partial phase diagrams for simple and complex hydrocarbon mixtures including model solvent mixtures: pyrene/naphthalene/tetralin, and bitumen/heavy oil/anthracene oil mixtures are presented. As the projected or actual operating conditions for hydrogenation processes and the temperature and pressure regions over which the mixtures can experience phase splitting overlap, previously reported synergism is related to phase splitting and compounding factors such as catalyst wetting and localized reagent depletion.
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