Phase II benchmark control problem for seismic response of cable‐stayed bridges

This paper presents the problem definition for the first generation of benchmark structural control problems for cable-stayed bridges. The benchmark problem is based on the Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge that is currently under construction in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Construction of the bridge is expected to be completed in 2003. The goal of this study is to provide a testbed for the development of strategies for the control of cable-stayed bridges. Based on detailed drawings, a three-dimensional evaluation model has been developed to represent the complex behavior of the full scale benchmark bridge. The linear evaluation model is developed using the equations of motion generated around the deformed equilibrium position. Evaluation criteria are selected that are consistent with the goals of seismic response control of a cable-stayed bridge. Control constraints ensure that the results are representative of a control implementation on the physical structure. Each participant in this benchmark study is given...

This paper presents the problem definition and guidelines of a set of benchmark control problems for seismically excited nonlinear buildings. Focusing on three typical steel structures, 3-, 9-, and 20-story buildings designed for the SAC project for the Los Angeles, California region, the goal of this study is to provide a clear basis to evaluate the efficacy of various structural control strategies. A nonlinear evaluation model has been developed that portrays the salient features of the structural system. Evaluation criteria and control constraints are presented for the design problems. The task of each participant in this benchmark study is to define (including sensors and control algorithms), evaluate, and report on their proposed control strategies. These strategies may be either passive, active, semiactive, or a combination thereof. The benchmark control problems will then facilitate direct comparison of the relative merits of the various control strategies. To illustrate some of the design challenges, a sample control strategy employing active control with a linear quadratic Gaussian control algorithm is applied to the 20-story building.

This paper presents the problem definition of the benchmark structural control problem for the seismically excited highway bridge. The benchmark problem is based on the newly constructed 91/5 highway over-crossing in southern California. The goal of this benchmark effort is to develop a standardized model of a highway bridge using which competing control strategies, including devices, algorithms and sensors, can be evaluated comparatively. To achieve this goal, a 3D finite-element model is developed in MATLAB to represent the complex behavior of the full-scale highway over-crossing. The nonlinear behavior of center columns and isolation bearings is considered in formulating the bilinear force–deformation relationship. The effect of soil–structure interaction is considered by modeling the interaction by equivalent spring and dashpot. The ground motions are considered to be applied simultaneously in two directions. A MATLAB-based nonlinear structural analysis tool has been developed and made available for nonlinear dynamic analysis. Control devices are assumed to be installed between the deck and the end abutments of the bridge. Evaluation criteria and control constraints are specified for the design of controllers. Passive, semi-active and active devices and algorithms can be used to study the benchmark model. The participants in this benchmark study are required to define their control devices, sensors and control algorithms, evaluate and report the results of their proposed control strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The research aimed to develop the evaluation model on learning management of foreign language teachers in the world class standard primary schools by using research and development process. The research was divided into 4 stages: (1) analyzed and synthesized the concept of learning management of foreign language teachers in the world class standard primary schools (2) constructed an evaluation model (3) trialed the evaluation model and (4) evaluated the evaluation model. The instruments used in this research consisted of an interview form, observation forms, evaluation forms and a questionnaire. The qualitative data were analyzed by contents analysis. The quantitative data were analyzed through basic statistics comprising percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test and The Mann-Whitney U-Test were employed for testing hypotheses. The results of the study were as follows: 1) The concept of learning management of foreign language in the world class standard primary schools followed the principles of the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E 2551. It was integrated by the world class curriculum to accelerate the potential of learners to the citizenship of the world; however, most WCS have not had the evaluation model on learning management. 2) The evaluation model on learning management of foreign language teachers in the world class standard primary schools consisted of 4 components: (1) the goal of evaluation (2) the objects of evaluation (3) the method of evaluation, and (4) the criteria of evaluation. 3) The discriminant validity of the evaluation model was statistically significant at .01 level. This improved the development of teachers on learning management which indicated that the mean score of the second evaluation was higher than the first evaluation with statistically significant at .01 level. 4) The evaluation model on learning management of foreign language teachers in the world class standard primary schools had overall standards for utility, feasibility propriety and accuracy at the high level. Classified by four aspects, it was found at the highest level in utility and accuracy, while other aspects were at a high level. Key words: An evaluation model; Learning management; Foreign language teachers; The World-Class Standard Schools (WCS)

Earthquake response of benchmark cable-stayed bridge with passive hybrid control systems is investigated. The passive hybrid system consists of high damping rubber bearing, lead-rubber bearing, friction pendulum system and resilient-friction base isolator (R-FBI) supplemented with the linear and non-linear viscous fluid damper (VFD). Considering the phase-I benchmark problem, the ground acceleration is only applied in the longitudinal direction acting simultaneously at all supports. The seismic response of benchmark bridge is obtained by solving the governing equations of motion by Newmark's step-by-step integration method. A comparative performance study among the four hybrid control systems for seismic response control of bridge is carried out by finding the various evaluation criteria under different parameters of the hybrid control system. Significant reductions in the base shear, overturning moment and other responses (especially deck displacements) were observed by using the passive hybrid control s...

This paper presents a semi-active strategy for seismic protection of a benchmark cable-stayed bridge with consideration of multiple-support excitations. In this control strategy, Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are proposed as control devices, a LQG-clipped-optimal control algorithm is employed. An active control strategy, shown in previous researches to perform well at controlling the benchmark bridge when uniform earthquake motion was assumed, is also used in this study to control this benchmark bridge with consideration of multiple-support excitations. The performance of active control system is compared to that of the presented semi-active control strategy. Because the MR fluid damper is a controllable energy- dissipation device that cannot add mechanical energy to the structural system, the proposed control strategy is fail-safe in that bounded-input, bounded-output stability of the controlled structure is guaranteed. The numerical results demonstrated that the performance of the presented control design is nearly the same as that of the active control system; and that the MR dampers can effectively be used to control seismically excited cable-stayed bridges with multiple-support excitations.

The aim of this research study was to develop the evaluation model (EM) through learning management integrating unified instructions (LMIUI) of the Basic Educational Teachers under Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) with the research and development process. To have integrated with the texts, documents, reports, research articles, and a database of three professional education experts was interviewed. The draft evaluation form to verify the suitability and feasibility of this evaluating draft form with nine qualified experts using a technique based on a specialized symposium (Connoisseurship). The EM model estimates to trial in 13 basic schools under the Roi-Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 1. The EM model was assessed with the feasibility of appropriate dimensions for accuracy and usefulness by the board of evaluators was involved in determining the concurrent validity forms of assessment and evaluation form that the dimensions of the possibility of reasonable involved in the trial EM form. The results of this research have found that: the factors of the EM model through the LMIMU should contain four components. The first component includes the preparation teaching has six indicator components, the second on the learning process has three components above 10 indicate, the third element of the learning media has four indicators, and the fourth components on the measurement and evaluation of learning contained 10 indicate were developed. In terms of the evaluation of the EM model, the components include the rationale for the assessment, the goal of the assessment, the evaluation focused on components and indicators. The process and method of evaluation consists of four phases: preparatory assessment, the evaluation process and the conclusion of the assessment report, evaluation criteria was an absolute criterion by fixing a percentage of the guide contains the descriptions and application quality, evaluator sources, the evaluating instrument, collected data, data analysis, and the evaluation summary report were appropriate and the possibility as high level. The concurrent validity of the LMIUI instructional teachers, it has found that the overall of training academic teachers rating was higher than the teachers who had not been trained that evidence of statistical significance at 0.01 levels, differently. The perceptions for involving evaluation groups in the overall trial of the EM model were individual components at a high level. The overall results of the EM model with the LMIMI instruction indicated the possibility of reasonable accuracy and usefulness at a high level, significantly. Article visualizations:

The general objective of this study was to develop an evaluation model in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) of English teachers in primary educational schools with the research and development process. Administrations of research procedures in four phases that it consisted of: the first phase was to synthesis concepts regarding the evaluation of teaching English for communication of teachers in primary educational schools by the analysis and synthesis of the CLT information from documents related research and interviews from those involved of 10 persons. The second phase was creating an evaluation model to evaluate the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools by bringing the concept of phase one used to create the evaluation model, then the draft form for review, verify appropriateness and feasibility of the evaluation model through seminars, based on an expert group of nine persons who created the manual models to assess and evaluate your usage patterns such assessments by five educational experts of prior to trial in a real situation. The third phase was to trial evaluation model of the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools. The development and the validity of the classification scheme, which sample consisted of 14 plants from the sample-specific were used. The fourth phase was to develop the evaluation model to evaluate the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools with the sample consisted of the sample evaluation forms with a group of 43 assessors were assessed. Using the collective data in this research include of duvets, interview, observation and evaluative forms. Statistically significant with the foundational statistics include percentage, mean and standard deviation, statistical hypothesis testing, including the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test and The Mann - Whitney U Test were analyzed. The results of this research findings: Teaching English for communication and evaluation of teaching English for communication of teachers in primary educational schools with the CLT, the principles and concepts of learning as a Core Curriculum for the Basic Education Act BE 2551 and the indicators due course was matched of the policy of the Ministry of Education to raise the quality of teaching in English and composed of four components, namely; the goal of the assessment, to be aimed at evaluating, assessing methodology, and evaluation criteria. The goal of the assessment is to improve the quality of the CLT that are geared rate, the concept of the CLT factors, such as; the process, the production, the assessment methods include internal appraisers. The external evaluation process includes the preparation stage, the action of summary report assessment tools include questionnaire, interview and observation period to assess the second semester of the semester and before recess. The evaluation criteria are absolute criteria developed by the educational experts to develop teachers are making progress in the CLT were evaluated in two times that results of statistically significant at level of 0.01, differently. To assess the developing an evaluation model in the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools was to standard rate of utilization, the possibility, he appropriateness and accuracy were at the highest level, and the exploitation and the possibility is high-level. Article visualizations:

<p>The protection of the existing and new structures in earthquake prone areas is one of the key priorities for the protection of human lives and for the reduction of associated economic losses. The effects of earthquakes can be mitigated by the reduction of the induced seismic loads, and this can be effectively achieved by the introduction of suitable seismic isolation and response control devices. However, the extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems is a challenging task because the knowledge of the characteristics of these devices is not widespread but also due to the lack of expertise in the design process. IABSE SED 19 ‘Seismic Isolation and Response Control’ [1] is focused on the description of various seismic isolation and response control systems in addition to applications to new and existing structures aiming to provide a practical guideline for the selection and design process. This publication presents a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems in addition to a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. The design methodology for the application of these systems in new structures is also presented in detail offering a critical evaluation of the main differences of the examined technologies. The application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by numerous case studies in Greece, Japan Mexico New Zealand, and Turkey. </p>

The general objective of this study was to develop an evaluation model in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) of English teachers in primary educational schools with the research and development process. Administrations of research procedures in four phases that it consisted of: the first phase was to synthesis concepts regarding the evaluation of teaching English for communication of teachers in primary educational schools by the analysis and synthesis of the CLT information from documents related research and interviews from those involved of 10 persons. The second phase was creating an evaluation model to evaluate the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools by bringing the concept of phase one used to create the evaluation model, then the draft form for review, verify appropriateness and feasibility of the evaluation model through seminars, based on an expert group of nine persons who created the manual models to assess and evaluate your usage patterns such assessments by five educational experts of prior to trial in a real situation. The third phase was to trial evaluation model of the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools. The development and the validity of the classification scheme, which sample consisted of 14 plants from the sample-specific were used. The fourth phase was to develop the evaluation model to evaluate the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools with the sample consisted of the sample evaluation forms with a group of 43 assessors were assessed. Using the collective data in this research include of duvets, interview, observation and evaluative forms. Statistically significant with the foundational statistics include percentage, mean and standard deviation, statistical hypothesis testing, including the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test and The Mann - Whitney U Test were analyzed. The results of this research findings: Teaching English for communication and evaluation of teaching English for communication of teachers in primary educational schools with the CLT, the principles and concepts of learning as a Core Curriculum for the Basic Education Act BE 2551 and the indicators due course was matched of the policy of the Ministry of Education to raise the quality of teaching in English and composed of four components, namely; the goal of the assessment, to be aimed at evaluating, assessing methodology, and evaluation criteria. The goal of the assessment is to improve the quality of the CLT that are geared rate, the concept of the CLT factors, such as; the process, the production, the assessment methods include internal appraisers. The external evaluation process includes the preparation stage, the action of summary report assessment tools include questionnaire, interview and observation period to assess the second semester of the semester and before recess. The evaluation criteria are absolute criteria developed by the educational experts to develop teachers are making progress in the CLT were evaluated in two times that results of statistically significant at level of 0.01, differently. To assess the developing an evaluation model in the CLT of English teachers in primary educational schools was to standard rate of utilization, the possibility, he appropriateness and accuracy were at the highest level, and the exploitation and the possibility is high-level.

<p>The seismic resilience of new and existing structures is a key priority for the protection of human lives and the reduction of economic losses in earthquake prone areas. The modern seismic codes have focused on the upgrade of the structural performance of the new and existing structures. However, in many cases it is preferrable to mitigate the effects of the earthquakes by reducing the induced loads in the structures using seismic isolation and response control devices. The limited expertise in the selection and design of the appropriate system for new and existing structures is the main challenge for an extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems in practice.</p> <p>This document aims to provide a practical guide by presenting a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems and a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. Comparisons of the key parameters of the design processes for new buildings with seismic isolation are presented, while the application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by various case studies from Greece, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Turkey.</p> <h3>Video Message from the Editor and Authors</h3> <p><iframe width="100%" height="445" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/bjUUwW0d21M" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>

To ensure the anti-earthquake performances of super-long-span suspension bridges, effective devices should be employed to control the seismic response of key sections. In this paper, four kinds of assessment functions for seismic response control effect are formulated based on the mechanism of seismic response control with dampers and the seismic response characteristics of long-span suspension bridges. A new optimal placement method of dampers using penalty function and first-order optimization theory is then proposed. Runyang suspension bridge (RSB) with a main span of 1490 m is then taken as an example. After seismic response time-history analyses on RSB using different placements of dampers, the analysis results are optimized by employing the optimal placement method and the optimal placements of dampers with the four assessment functions are then achieved respectively. Comparison of the four optimal control effects show that different assessment functions can lead to different optimal placements when the number of dampers is certain, but all placements of dampers can reduce the seismic response of RSB significantly. The selection of assessment functions and damper optimal placement should be determined by the structural characteristics and by what is considered in the structures. Results also show that the first-order optimization is an effective method on determining the optimal placement of dampers.

Simple adaptive control method for mitigating the seismic responses of coupled adjacent buildings considering parameter variations

In this study, the seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge is investigated with passive hybrid systems consisting of high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) and linear and nonlinear viscous fluid damper (VFD). The Phase I problem of the benchmark highway bridge is considered for this study. The ground acceleration is applied at all supports of the bridge. A comparative study is performed among the passive control strategies for seismic response control of the highway bridge by calculating various evaluation criteria as mentioned in the benchmark highway bridge problem. A parametric study has been conducted to find different parameters of VFD and HDRB. The optimum damping coefficient and velocity exponent are found for VFD and optimum isolation time period and optimum damping ratio are found for HDRB. The passive hybrid control system consisting of HDRB and nonlinear VFD gives better performance for reduction of base shear, overturning moment, displacement at midspan, bearing deformation and displacement at abutment of the bridge. Hence, it can be deduced that the performance of passive hybrid control system consisting of HDRB and nonlinear VFD is better than individual VFD and HDRB control systems.

In this study, the seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge is investigated with passive hybrid systems consisting of high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) and linear and nonlinear viscous fluid damper (VFD). The Phase I problem of the benchmark highway bridge is considered for this study. The ground acceleration is applied at all supports of the bridge. A comparative study is performed among the passive control strategies for seismic response control of the highway bridge by calculating various evaluation criteria as mentioned in the benchmark highway bridge problem. A parametric study has been conducted to find different parameters of VFD and HDRB. The optimum damping coefficient and velocity exponent are found for VFD and optimum isolation time period and optimum damping ratio are found for HDRB. The passive hybrid control system consisting of HDRB and nonlinear VFD gives better performance for reduction of base shear, overturning moment, displacement at midspan, bearing deformation and displacement at abutment of the bridge. Hence, it can be deduced that the performance of passive hybrid control system consisting of HDRB and nonlinear VFD is better than individual VFD and HDRB control systems.