Phase Field Approach to Optimal Packing Problems and Related Cheeger Clusters

Abstract

This paper stems from the idea of adopting a new approach to solve some classical optimal packing problems for balls. In fact, we attack this kind of problems (which are of discrete nature) by means of shape optimization techniques, applied to suitable $$\Gamma $$-converging sequences of energies associated to Cheeger type problems. More precisely, in a first step we prove that different optimal packing problems are limits of sequences of optimal clusters associated to the minimization of energies involving suitable (generalized) Cheeger constants. In a second step, we propose an efficient phase field approach based on a multiphase $$\Gamma $$-convergence result of Modica–Mortola type, in order to compute those generalized Cheeger constants, their optimal clusters and, as a consequence of the asymptotic result, optimal packings. Numerical experiments are carried over in two and three space dimensions. Our continuous shape optimization approach to solve discrete packing problems circumvents the NP-hard character of these ones, and efficiently leads to configurations close to the global minima.