Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) enzymes are a superfamily of mono-oxygenases that are found in all kingdoms of life. The CYP P450 enzymes constitute a large superfamily of haem-thiolate proteins involved in the metabolism of a wide variety of both exogenous and endogenous compounds. The CYP activities have been shown to be involved in numerous interactions especially between drugs and herbal constituents. The majority of serious cases of drug interactions are as a result of the interference of the metabolic clearance of one drug by yet another co-administered drug, food or natural product. Gaining mechanistic knowledge towards such interactions has been accepted as an approach to avoid adverse reactions. The inductions and inhibition of CYP enzymes by natural products in the presence of a prescribed drug has led to adverse effects. Herbal medicines such as St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlic (Allium sativa), piperine (from Piper sp.), ginseng (Ginseng sp.), gingko (Gingko biloba), soya beans (Glycine max), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and grape fruit juice show clinical interactions when co-administered with medicines. This review documents the involvement of CYP enzymes in the metabolism of known available drugs and herbal products. We also document the interactions between herbal constituents & CYP enzymes showing potential drug-herb interactions. Data on CYP450 enzymes in activation (i.e. induction or inhibition) with natural constituents is also reviewed.
Highlights
The name Cytochrome P450 derives from the fact that these proteins have a haem group, and an unusual absorption spectrum range
The reason for cytochrome P450 to absorb in this range is due to the unusual ligand haem iron
The majority of serious cases of drug interactions are as a result of the interference of the metabolic clearance of one drug by yet another co-administered drug, food or natural product
Summary
The name Cytochrome P450 derives from the fact that these proteins have a haem group, and an unusual absorption spectrum range. The most common form of drug interactions entail a foreign to declined therapy They provide a mechanism-based chemical acting either as an inhibitor or an inducer of the explanation for other SJW-mediated adversities in the CYP enzyme isoform responsible for metabolizing an presence of prescription medicines whose metabolism is administered medicinal drug, subsequently leading to an catalyzed by CYP3A4. Such instances include the loss of unusually slow or fast clearance of the drug. The introduction of some of the determined contact residues of the active site into the model will allow the orientation of herbal constituents and lead molecules
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