Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is arguably the most common benign disease among men. This disease is often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men and significantly decreases the quality of life. Polyphenol consumption reportedly plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases, including BPH. In recent years, in addition to disease prevention, many studies have reported the efficacy and safety of polyphenol treatment against various pathological conditions in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, numerous studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols. We believe that an improved understanding of the detailed pharmacological roles of polyphenol-induced activities at a molecular level is important for the prevention and treatment of BPH. Polyphenols are composed of many members, and their biological roles differ. In this review, we first provide information regarding the pathological roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in BPH. Next, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, including those of flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are discussed. Finally, we talk about the results and limitations of previous clinical trials that have used polyphenols in BPH, with particular focus on their molecular mechanisms of action.
Highlights
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health concern that is expected to increase with age, and its incidence increases with life expectancy [1]
This study showed that both the flavanol-related substances suppressed the growth of BPH via the downregulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell survival [61]
This study showed that the regulation of oxidative stress was associated with the anti-growth effects of anthocyanins with pollen of Brassica napus L
Summary
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health concern that is expected to increase with age, and its incidence increases with life expectancy [1]. Isoflavonoids and lignans, which are abundant in vegetables, grains, and soybeans, are presumed to function as BPH suppressors These exert some degree of estrogenic effects and are thought to inhibit prostatic cell growth [15]. The pathological characteristics and growth steps of BPH are strongly modulated by oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as discussed in followed sections These pathological activity-related molecules are targets of the pharmacological effects of polyphenols in various pathological conditions, including BPH. It has been reported that various inflammatory stimuli, such as excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during oxidative metabolism, initiate the inflammatory process, leading to the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [22] Inflammatory cytokines and their receptors promote mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, resulting in the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 [24]. Increased ROS production leads to inadequate antioxidant defense mechanisms; the disruption of proteins, lipids, and DNA; the disruption of cell function and cell death; and the induction of oxidative stress [30,31]
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