Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic sterols primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released in the intestinal lumen upon food intake. BAs play important roles in micellination of dietary lipids, stimulating bile flow, promoting biliary phospholipid secretion, and regulating cholesterol synthesis and elimination. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that, aside from their conventional biological function, BAs are also important signaling molecules and therapeutic tools. In the last decade, the therapeutic applications of BAs in the treatment of ocular diseases have gained great interest. Despite the identification of BA synthesis, metabolism, and recycling in ocular tissues, much remains unknown with regards to their biological significance in the eye. Additionally, as gut microbiota directly affects the quality of circulating BAs, their analysis could derive important information on changes occurring in this microenvironment. This review aims at providing an overview of BA metabolism and biological function with a focus on their potential therapeutic and diagnostic use for retinal diseases.
Highlights
Bile acids (BAs) are hormones which serve many different roles in the body’s digestive and metabolic systems
tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was able to prevent cell death induced by elevated glucose through its anti-apoptotic and antioxidant properties in cultured retinal neural cells. These results suggest that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and TUDCA attenuate retinal vascular and neural abnormalities associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) [93,94]
TUDCA is a potential agent in reducing ER stress, to prevent apoptosis, and preserve cones in the Intraperitoneal injection; 500 mg/kg b.w
Summary
Bile acids (BAs) are hormones which serve many different roles in the body’s digestive and metabolic systems. Their unique chemical composition contributes to their reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, explaining their historical use in traditional. In TCM, as a medicine “cool” in nature, bear bile is used to treat “hot” diseases like fever, inflammation, swelling, and pain [1,3]. The hepatoprotective, anti-gallstones and hypolipidemic effects of bear bile have led to its use as a therapeutic for liver disease and biliary cirrhosis in both TCM and modern Western medicine [2,3,7]
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