Pharmacological and clinical profile of exemestane (Aromasin), a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor

Abstract

Aromatase is the rate-limiting enzyme playing a role at the final step of estrogen biosynthesis, which is attracting attention as the target enzyme of hormone therapy of postmenopausal breast cancer. Exemestane (Aromasin) is a novel steroidal irreversible aromatase inhibitor that was approved in Japan as a therapeutic drug for postmenopausal breast cancer. Exemestane selectively inhibits aromatase activity in vitro, in a time-dependent and irreversible manner, suggesting the mechanism of action that exemestane covalently binds to aromatase as a pseudo-substrate and inactivates the enzyme. In vivo studies show the inhibitory effect of exemestane on the ovarian aromatase activity and plasma estradiol level of PMSG-primed rats. In studies using DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor models, exemestane shows antitumor activity in both conventional (premenopausal) and ovariectomized, testosterone-treated postmenopausal models. Despite its steroidal structure, exemestane does not have hormonal or anti-hormonal activity, except for a slight androgenic activity. In the early and late phase II clinical trials conducted in Japan on postmenopausal breast cancer patients who received 25 mg/day of exemestane, the response rates were 31.4% and 24.2%, respectively. Blood estrogen levels were also markedly reduced. These results confirmed the clinical relevance of non-clinical study results, as well as the possibility of extrapolation to foreign trial data.