Abstract
BackgroundEmamectin benzoate (EB) is a dominating pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of infections by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Fish with an initial mean weight of 132 g were experimentally medicated by a standard seven-day EB treatment, and the concentrations of drug in liver, muscle and skin were examined. To investigate how EB affects Atlantic salmon transcription in liver, tissues were assessed by microarray and qPCR at 7, 14 and 35 days after the initiation of medication.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic examination revealed highest EB concentrations in all three tissues at day 14, seven days after the end of the medication period. Only modest effects were seen on the transcriptional levels in liver, with small fold-change alterations in transcription throughout the experimental period. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that EB treatment induced oxidative stress at day 7 and inflammation at day 14. The qPCR examinations showed that medication by EB significantly increased the transcription of both HSP70 and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver during a period of 35 days, compared to un-treated fish, possibly via activation of enzymes involved in phase II conjugation of metabolism in the liver.ConclusionThis study has shown that a standard seven-day EB treatment has only a modest effect on the transcription of genes in liver of Atlantic salmon. Based on GSEA, the medication seems to have produced a temporary oxidative stress response that might have affected protein stability and folding, followed by a secondary inflammatory response.
Highlights
Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a dominating pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of infections by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)
The levels of EB were quantified in 6 individuals in liver and 15 individuals in muscle and skin tissues.
Very few genes were significantly differentially regulated in liver of EB-medicated fish compared to the control fish at the end of the medication period, seven days after the end of medication and 28 days after the end of the medication, analyzed by a two class unpaired significance of microarray (SAM) analysis
Summary
Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a dominating pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of infections by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Emamectin benzoate (EB) is currently the dominant peroral pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of sea lice infestations on salmonids. EB is the active ingredient in SLICE, a commercial drug commonly used for sea lice control in Atlantic salmon farming. It is commonly used in many countries including Norway, UK, Canada and Chile that are producing large quantities of Atlantic salmon in aquaculture [6]. The blood brain barrier is not as impermeable as in mammals and CNS depression and deaths have been reported in salmon using avermectin at therapeutic doses
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