Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Renal Transplant Recipients Under Treatment With Cyclosporine and Myfortic

Abstract

Introduction Efficacious prophylaxis of acute rejection episodes (ARE) requires adequate exposure to each component of the immunosuppressive treatment from the first days after renal transplantation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between cyclosporine (CsA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) exposure based upon pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) and 6-month biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) episodes and chronic allograft nephropathy on 6 month protocol biopsies. Patients and methods We examined twenty-two first or second de novo renal transplant recipients treated with steroids, Sandimmune Neoral (CsA) and Myfortic (720 mg twice a day). PK (C0, C2, and AUC 0–12h) for both drugs were determined on days 7, 90, and 180. Calcineurin activity, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ synthesis as well as %CEM were tested at days 7 and 180. CsA dosages were adjusted by C2 monitoring. Collected data included: BPAR during the first 6 months and Banff histological parameters on the 6-month protocol biopsies. Results Eighteen of 22 patients completed 1 year follow-up under treatment. The 6-month BPAR was 18% (4/22). Six-month protocol biopsies in 50% of 14 recipients showed chronic allograft nephropathy 1. At day 7, CsA C2 and AUC median values were 138 ng/mL and 6377 ng × h/mL, while C0 MPA was 1.0 μg/mL and AUC = 23.9 μg × h/mL. CsA C2 medians at 3 and 6 months were 1468 and 1720 ng/mL. MPA-AUC reached therapeutic targets at 3 months (32.3 μg × h/mL) and was 48.3 μg × h/mL at 6 months. Patients with BPAR showed lower CsA AUC ( P = .06) and a significantly lower baseline inhibition of calcineurin activity ( P < .005) than patients with no BPAR. An increase in mesangial matrix in 6-month protocol biopsies correlated with higher CsA C2 ( P = .01). All biomarkers evaluated were significantly inhibited compared with the standard population. Conclusions When Myfortic is administered together with CsA, it is advisable to begin with higher doses (720 mg × 3 days) to reach adequate PK targets and improve BPAR rates. To prevent chronic allograft nephropathy, lower CsA C2 should be targeted from 3 months.