Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Saliva Flow of Sublingual and Oral Atropine in Clozapine-Treated and Healthy Adults: An Interventional Cross-Over Study.

Abstract

Sublingual atropine is an effective treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of atropine after sublingual and oral administration and study the dose effect of atropine on saliva secretion. An interventional cross-over clinical trial where participants received 0.6 mg and 1.2 mg atropine sulfate sublingual solution and 0.6 mg oral tablet. Atropine plasma concentration was measured over 9 hours with validated LC-MS/MS method. Atropine effects on saliva secretion rate, visual acuity and accommodation, and vital signs were assessed. Four clozapine-treated and three healthy participants were enrolled in the study. The area under the atropine plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) was highest after the 1.2 mg sublingual solution administration in comparison with 0.6 mg tablet or sublingual solution (8.58±1.66 µg.L-1.h vs. 4.65±1.29 vs. 2.98±0.73 µg.L-1.h, respectively). The Cmax for the 0.6 mg and 1.2 mg sublingual solutions was 1.11±0.99 and 1.76±0.62 µg.L-1, and tmax was 2.18±0.59 and 1.9±0.71 h, respectively. In comparison with the 0.6 mg sublingual solution dose, the saliva secretion reduction was larger after the oral tablet administration (-40% (-59, -22%) vs. -69% (-80, -57)) and largest after the 1.2 mg sublingual solution administration (-79% (-93,-64)). Both the sublingual and oral atropine are effective in reducing the saliva secretion however at a lower plasma concentration after sublingual administration, with a dose-dependent effect. Both have significantly reduced the blood pressure and pulse rate over 3 hours without significant changes in vision. No major safety concerns were reported.