Pharmacokinetic interactions between clozapine and valproic acid in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Does UGT polymorphism affect these drug interactions?

Abstract

The combination of valproic acid (VPA) and clozapine (CLZ) is regularly prescribed for augmentation therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia. The VPA has been shown to reduce norclozapine (NCLZ) plasma levels, but the mechanism of this interaction remains unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the differences between patients treated with CLZ and patients treated with CLZ plus VPA. For it, various factors have been evaluated. The study was based on plasma samples from CLZ and CLZ plus VPA treated patients (n = 61) subjected to routine therapeutic drug monitoring considering clinical data, smoking status, daily dose of CLZ and VPA, concomitant medications, albumin, and renal and hepatic function. Genotyping of polymorphisms of CYP1A2, CYP3A4/5, CYP2C19, ABCB1, UGT2B10 and CYP2C19 were performed by real time PCR. CYP2D6 were genotyped using competitive allele-specific PCR and by a long PCR based method. Plasma CLZ and NCLZ concentrations were measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem masses (LC-MS/MS) and plasma VPA by Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometric immunoassay. The patients presented adequate CLZ levels in relation to the dose. However, NCLZ levels were excessively low and the CLZ/NCLZ ratio very high. Patients with UGT2B10 GT (rs61750900) genotype showed lower NCLZ plasma levels and C/D NCLZ, and higher CLZ/NCLZ ratio versus patients with UGT2B10 GG genotype. VPA, smoking, the presence of UGT2B10 GT genotype and having low albumin levels indicate that the CLZ/NCLZ ratio is affected, mostly coinciding with decreased NCLZ levels and possibly with an increased risk of neutropenia.