Abstract
Micro-/nanoparticle formulations containing drugs with or without various biocompatible excipients are widely used in the pharmaceutical field to improve the physicochemical and clinical properties of the final drug product. Among the various micro-/nanoparticle production technologies, emulsion-based particle formation is the most widely used because of its unique advantages such as uniform generation of spherical small particles and higher encapsulation efficiency (EE). For this emulsion-based micro-/nanoparticle technology, one of the most important factors is the extraction efficiency associated with the fast removal of the organic solvent. In consideration of this, a technology called supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) that uses the unique mass transfer mechanism and solvent power of a supercritical fluid (SCF) has been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of several conventional technologies such as solvent evaporation, extraction, and spray drying. This review article presents the main aspects of SFEE technology for the preparation of micro-/nanoparticles by focusing on its pharmaceutical applications, which have been organized and classified according to several types of drug delivery systems and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It was definitely confirmed that SFEE can be applied in a variety of drugs from water-soluble to poorly water-soluble. In addition, it has advantages such as low organic solvent residual, high EE, desirable release control, better particle size control, and agglomeration prevention through efficient and fast solvent removal compared to conventional micro-/nanoparticle technologies. Therefore, this review will be a good resource for determining the applicability of SFEE to obtain better pharmaceutical quality when researchers in related fields want to select a suitable manufacturing process for preparing desired micro-/nanoparticle drug delivery systems containing their active material.
Highlights
The mean particle size of the Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) obtained and measured using the laser diffraction method was below 50 nm with a narrow particle size distribution (PSD), which showed that significantly reduced particle size was achieved via c-supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) with consistent production when compared with other nanoparticle formulations obtained by previously reported technologies
The wide applicability of the promising SFEE technology for the production of pharmaceutical micro-/nanoparticles and their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical advantages are thoroughly described in this review
The excellent extraction efficiency of Supercritical Fluid (SCF) via fast mass transfer and high solvent power can avoid the main drawbacks of several traditional particle formation technologies such as solvent evaporation (SE), solvent extraction, or spray drying, leading to the formation of spherical uniform small particles with a narrow size distribution, higher drug EE, and elimination of harmful organic solvents from the formulation
Summary
Numerous pharmaceutical formulations have been developed in the form of micro/nanoparticles that comprise composites or encapsulate structures consisting of drugs with or without excipients, such as coating materials, carriers, or stabilizers. The first is a matrix-type particle generally produced by co-precipitation of drugs with ingredients such as polymers, coating. The first is a matrix-type particle generally produced by co-precipitation of drugs with ingredients such as polymers, coating additives, or other drugs. In this method, micro-/nanoparticles are typically prepared in a state inorwhich drug aremicro-/nanoparticles homogeneously distributed in theprepared matrix The second method is to obtain typical core-shell structure particles in the form state in which the drug molecules are homogeneously distributed in the matrix (Figure 1a).
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