Abstract
Breast cancer is more stiff compared with benign lesions. The aim of the experiment is to measure the elasticity by pressing the breast with a water bag and measuring the shape change by the echo technique. The ultrasound frequency was 8 MHz. Two kinds of phantoms were created. One is made of silicone rubber 50 mm in thickness and inside is a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) cylinder of diameter 20 mm. The PMMA cylinder is mocking the cancer and is placed with the surface at 10 mm and 20 mm depths from each silicone rubber surface. Another phantom is made of gelatine of 30 weight percent to water instead of silicone rubber. The phantoms were placed between two PMMA plates and pressed by a balloon filled with water, which is connected to a vessel by a rubber tube. The height of the vessel can be adjusted to change the pressure of the balloon. The silicone rubber phantom was too hard to be deformed by water pressure. The gelatine phantom was deformed around the PMMA cylinder by water pressure of up to 3.4 kPa. The gelatine surface was deformed by gravity without water pressure. Apparent differences of gelatine surface deformation depending on different water pressure were confirmed from the echogram thus obtained.
Highlights
Neoplastic tissue contains elevated levels of choline-containing metabolites [1,2]
We examined the extent to which the lower mammographic sensitivity found in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users could be explained by any association of HRT use with higher density and more difficult to detect cancers
The results suggest that applying compression does not ensure breast thickness reduction and observing physical changes does not guarantee that breast thickness has been minimised
Summary
Neoplastic tissue contains elevated levels of choline-containing metabolites (tCho) [1,2]. The presence of spiculation arising from a mass detected at mammography makes malignancy a probable diagnosis This is confirmed by this review of the first 8 years of screening in East Sussex where only 3.6% of masses with spiculation were benign at excision (24 out of 668), compared with 33.3% of masses without spiculation (102 out of 306). When breast core biopsy reveals lobular neoplasia (lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS] or atypical lobular hyperplasia [ALH]) a management dilemma follows, as uncertainty regarding the significance of LCIS/ALH exists. Is this an indicator of increased risk of breast cancer or should it be considered a marker for more serious local pathology? Is this an indicator of increased risk of breast cancer or should it be considered a marker for more serious local pathology? Should surgical excision be undertaken in these cases?
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