Abstract
To understand the control mechanism of innate immune response in macrophages, a series of phagocytic responses to plural stimulation of antigens on identical cells was observed. Two zymosan particles, which were used as antigens, were put on different surfaces of a macrophage using optical tweezers in an on-chip single-cell cultivation system, which maintains isolated conditions of each macrophage during their cultivation. When the two zymosan particles were attached to the macrophage simultaneously, the macrophage responded and phagocytosed both of the antigens simultaneously. In contrast, when the second antigen was attached to the surface after the first phagocytosis had started, the macrophage did not respond to the second stimulation during the first phagocytosis; the second phagocytosis started only after the first process had finished. These results indicate that (i) phagocytosis in a macrophage is not an independent process when there are plural stimulations; (ii) the response of the macrophage to the second stimulation is related to the time" delay from the first stimulation. Stimulations that occur at short time intervals resulted in simultaneous phagocytosis, while a second stimulation that is delayed long enough might be neglected until the completion of the first phagocytic process.
Highlights
Phagocytosis as an effector mechanism of the innate immune response could be triggered by attachment of antigens to the surface of macrophages
To understand the mechanism of complex signal processing that occurs in phagocytosis when there are multiple stimulations to macrophages, we need to give a series of fully controlled stimulations to an isolated single macrophage step-by-step under isolated circumstances
(page number not for citation purposes) http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/4/1/7 was trapped by optical tweezers and applied to stimulate the macrophage; the second antigen was trapped by another optical tweezers and it was applied to stimulate the other side of the same macrophage; after the stimulation, a change in the shape was observed by time lapse recording over a long period
Summary
Phagocytosis as an effector mechanism of the innate immune response could be triggered by attachment of antigens to the surface of macrophages. To understand the mechanism of complex signal processing that occurs in phagocytosis when there are multiple stimulations to macrophages, we need to give a series of fully controlled stimulations to an isolated single macrophage step-by-step under isolated circumstances. This is because with conventional group-based cultivation in a dish, stimulation of antigens to the target macrophage is usually done in an uncontrolled probabilistic way. To prevent the effects of unexpected factors, we used our on-chip singlecell cultivation system to give fully controlled stimulations to the isolated macrophage, and we measured its response to those stimulations
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