Abstract
Bacteriophages are interesting entities on the border of biology and chemistry. In nature, they are bacteria parasites, while, after genetic manipulation, they gain new properties, e.g., selectively binding proteins. Owing to this, they may be applied as recognition elements in biosensors. Combining bacteriophages with different transducers can then result in the development of innovative sensor designs that may revolutionize bioanalytics and improve the quality of medical services. Therefore, here, we review the use of bacteriophages, or peptides from bacteriophages, as new sensing elements for the recognition of biomarkers and the construction of the highly effective diagnostics tools.
Highlights
Modern medicine has developed highly specialized techniques in order to diagnose diseases faster, cheaper and less invasively
1 —if it is not written otherwise, Kd was calculated from ELISA; abbreviations: n.a.—data not available, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LOD—limit of detection, EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SWV—square-wave voltammetry, Virus Bio-Resistor (VBR)—virus bioresistor, Optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR)—optofluidic ring resonator, SPR—surface plasmon resonance, SERS—surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, LSPR—localized surface plasmon resonance, light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS)—light-addressable potentiometric sensor, QCM—quartz crystal microbalance
The LOD was determined to be 1.74 ng/mL and 3.93 ng/mL for EIS and SWV, respectively [74]. For these simple peptide-based sensors, receptor density is defined as the density of affinity peptide self-assembled monolayer (SAM), which was measured by QCM to be 1.214 × 1012, 7.4 × 1013 and
Summary
Modern medicine has developed highly specialized techniques in order to diagnose diseases faster, cheaper and less invasively. Since it became clear that specific peptide–peptide interactions are one of the most essential life fundaments, researchers have been making efforts to discover specific peptides that show high (similar to antibodies or even higher) affinity to the target Very useful for these investigations is a technique invented by. A pool of various variants of bacteriophages that display different foreign peptides is called a library They are created by cloning foreign sequences directly into the phage protein gene (phage libraries) or into well-known places, i.e., multiple cloning sites recognized by various restriction enzymes in the additional part of a phage-genome-like plasmid (phagemid libraries). Desired variants of bacteriophages may be selected from a mixture of phage-displayed entities (e.g., affinity peptides or antibody domains) via affinity selection called ‘panning.’ This strategy mimics the natural process occurring when a human organism has contact with an antigen (i.e., a foreign protein). We would like to focus on the utilization of bacteriophages in medical diagnostics and show the most interesting and groundbreaking approaches
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