Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently become a promising strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. However, the broad implementation of cancer immunotherapy suffers from inadequate efficacy and toxic side effects. Integrating pH-responsive nanoparticles into immunotherapy is a powerful approach to tackle these challenges because they are able to target the tumor tissues and organelles of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which have a characteristic acidic microenvironment. The spatiotemporal control of immunotherapeutic drugs using pH-responsive nanoparticles endows cancer immunotherapy with enhanced antitumor immunity and reduced off-tumor immunity. In this review, we first discuss the cancer-immunity circle and how nanoparticles can modulate the key steps in this circle. Then, we highlight the recent advances in cancer immunotherapy with pH-responsive nanoparticles and discuss the perspective for this emerging area.
Highlights
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the cancer treatment by activating the innate and adaptive immune system against tumor cells with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), agonists, antigens, or engineered T cells
Several notable clinical successes in cancer immunotherapy have been made over the past decade, including the FDA approval of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and therapies with monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1) as the immune checkpoint inhibitors
Carboxyl groups have been incorporated into pH-responsive nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy because their pH-dependent ionization enables the change of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of carriers and the modulation of drug release from nanoparticles at varying pHs
Summary
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the cancer treatment by activating the innate and adaptive immune system against tumor cells with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), agonists, antigens, or engineered T cells. Several notable clinical successes in cancer immunotherapy have been made over the past decade, including the FDA approval of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and therapies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1) as the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Due to their contributions in the discovery of cancer therapy through the immune checkpoint blockade, the. There is a large number of active clinical trials worldwide and immunotherapy has become a new pillar of cancer treatment owing to these tremendous achievements [5]
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