PH dependent aggregation and conformation changes of rituximab using SAXS and its comparison with the standard regulatory approach of biophysical characterization

Abstract

Development of biologics and biosimilars involves extensive physical and structural characterization, which underlines the further course of its implementation. These characterization techniques require considerable standardization and are labor intensive. It is therefore, important to have an immediate, independent and affordable characterization strategy that may meet the regulatory guidelines. In this study, we have compared the standard biophysical characterization of an anti-CD 20 antibody with characterization by small angle x ray scattering (SAXS). Aggregation of this mAb was analyzed using standard techniques like size exclusion HPLC, dynamic light scattering and sedimentation velocity - analytical ultracentrifugation, whereas structure analysis was conducted using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results demonstrated that the inferences about the state of mAb aggregation and its structure deduced using the standard approaches were comparable to the data interpreted using SAXS. The radius of gyration and the P(r) distribution plot obtained using the SAXS scattering data allowed analysis of aggregation and conformation of mAb via a single experiment. Thus, SAXS can be used as an independent technique to complement orthogonal analysis for determining the aggregation profile and structure of mAbs.