Abstract
In a companion paper, we examined the thermodynamic responses of microbial redox reactions to pH changes. Here we explore how these thermodynamic responses may affect the composition and function of microbial communities. We simulate butyrate syntrophic oxidation, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis by microbial consortia at pH ranging from 7 to 5. The simulation accounts for the thermodynamics of microbial metabolisms and the interactions among microbes. The results show that thermodynamic responses to variation in pH can be strong enough to speed up or slow down microbial metabolisms. These kinetic changes then shape the outcome of microbial interactions, including the membership and activity of microbial consortia. Moreover, the kinetic changes modulate carbon fluxes and the efficiency of methane production. The simulation results support the hypothesis that environmental pH can shape the composition and metabolic function of microbial communities by changing the energy yields of redox reactions. They also add to the current theories of microbial ecology. Specifically, due to the pH-induced thermodynamic responses, the principle of competitive exclusion fails for microbial processes with significant thermodynamic limitations, which allows the co-occurrence of competing respiration reactions in natural environments. Taken together, these results confirm that pH is a primary control in environmental microbiology. They also highlight the feasibility and potential of biogeochemical kinetic modeling in uncovering and illuminating mechanistic relationships between environmental parameters and microbial communities.
Highlights
Environmental pH is one of the most informative parameters for studying microbes in natural environments. pH represents the chemical activities of protons—a reactant that participates in biological energy conservation, interacts with cellular surface components and structures, and involves in metabolism-related chemical reactions, including redox reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and reactions of natural organic matter (Kinniburgh et al, 1999; Konings et al, 2002; Paul et al, 2006)
In the companion paper (Jin and Kirk, 2018), we analyzed the thermodynamic responses of individual redox reactions to pH changes
In the companion paper (Jin and Kirk, 2018), we show that pH can play a similar role as H2– pH affects the thermodynamics of both butyrate oxidation and hydrogentrophic redox reactions
Summary
Environmental pH is one of the most informative parameters for studying microbes in natural environments. pH represents the chemical activities of protons—a reactant that participates in biological energy conservation, interacts with cellular surface components and structures, and involves in metabolism-related chemical reactions, including redox reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and reactions of natural organic matter (Kinniburgh et al, 1999; Konings et al, 2002; Paul et al, 2006). PH represents the chemical activities of protons—a reactant that participates in biological energy conservation, interacts with cellular surface components and structures, and involves in metabolism-related chemical reactions, including redox reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and reactions of natural organic matter (Kinniburgh et al, 1999; Konings et al, 2002; Paul et al, 2006) Reflecting these relationships, pH correlates with community composition across a wide range of biogeochemical conditions (Thompson et al, 2017), and pH variation induces significant changes in the metabolic functions of microbial communities (Kotsyurbenko et al, 2004; Ye et al, 2012). Any factors that influence the energy available in the environment, have the potential to affect the metabolisms of individual microbial groups and the composition and metabolic activity of microbial communities
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