Petrologic imaging of the magma reservoirs that feed large silicic eruptions

Abstract

Large silicic explosive eruptions are one of Nature's most hazardous phenomena. Very few have been witnessed and unravelling the complex conditions that lead to these eruptions remains a difficult task because the characteristics of the feeding magma reservoirs are still insufficiently constrained from geophysical imaging. Here we show that a barometer based on the composition of amphibole in equilibrium with plagioclase and biotite, common minerals in the eruptive products of large silicic eruptions, records the thickness and depth of magma reservoirs with uncertainties of 0.8 and 2.7 km, respectively. Pressures are given by the equation: P (MPa) = 892 · VI Al + 101, where VI Al is the octahedral aluminum content of the amphibole. With the example of a Miocene Turkish ignimbrite, we show that reservoirs feeding large silicic eruptions can be pancake-shaped. Our new barometer, valid between 650 and 950 °C, can be used in combination with volcanological and geophysical data to infer the size, shape and depth of magma reservoirs and may serve as a tool for monitoring future activity. This temperature-independent barometer is also applicable to any volcanic or plutonic rock containing amphibole + plagioclase + biotite and is in excellent agreement with previously published temperature-dependent barometers within their calibration range. • Developpement of a new temperature-independent Al-in amphibole geobarometer • Depth of emplacement of plutons and magma reservoirs with an uncertainty of 2.7 km • Shape of erupted magma reservoirs accessible from petrological and volcanological observations