Abstract
The pore structure characterization and its controlling factors in overmature shales are keys to understand the shale gas accumulation mechanism. Organic matter in source rocks is a mixture of various macerals that have their own specific evolutionary pathways during thermal maturation. Pores within macerals also evolve following their own path. This study focused on petrographic characterization and maceral controls on porosity in overmature marine shales in China and the United States. Shale from Ordos Basin in China was also selected as an example of overmature transitional shale for maceral comparison. Organic petrology techniques were used to identify maceral types and describe morphological features in detail; scanning electron microscopy techniques were then used to document the abundance and development of pores within macerals. Helium measurement, mercury intrusion capillary pressure, and CO2 adsorption were especially applied to quantify the pore structure of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale from Sichuan Basin in China. The vitrinite reflectance equivalent of the studied overmature samples is ~2.4%. The macerals within the studied marine shales are composed mainly of pyrobitumen and zooclasts. At this maturity, pyrobitumen develops abundant gas-related pores, and their volume positively correlates to gas content. Three types of pyrobitumen and its related pore structure are characterized in Wufeng-Longmaxi shales. Zooclasts contribute to total organic carbon (TOC) content but little to porosity. When the TOC content is above 1.51% in Wufeng-Longmaxi samples, the TOC content positively correlates to quartz content. Organic matter strongly controls micropore development. Pores of diameter ~ 0.5 nm provide a significant amount of micropore volume. Clay mineral and quartz contents control micro- and macropore increments in organic-lean shales. MICP results indicate that pores within 3-12 nm and 900-2500 nm account for a major contribution to pore volume obtained. Determining the proportions of pyrobitumen to zooclasts within the total organic matter in pre-Devonian organic-rich marine shales is important in predicting porosity and gas storage capacity in high-maturity shales.
Highlights
Elucidating the pore network and its evolution in gas shales is a key topic in unconventional oil and gas exploration because many studies have shown that shale pore structure is one of the most important factors controlling gas storage capacity ([1]; Jarvie et al 2007; [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13])
Quartz content is obviously correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) content in shale with clay content < 38%, while no obvious relationship is shown with increasing TOC in shales with high clay content (>~35%)
Postmature Ordovician to Early Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi shale samples were collected from Sichuan Basin in South China to investigate organic matter (OM) types and their associated pore structures by correlative organic petrographic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses and various porosimetry measurements
Summary
Elucidating the pore network and its evolution in gas shales is a key topic in unconventional oil and gas exploration because many studies have shown that shale pore structure is one of the most important factors controlling gas storage capacity ([1]; Jarvie et al 2007; [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]). Shale pores have been divided into micropore (50 nm) based on pore size [14]. Previous studies suggest that various controlling factors influence the abundance of pores, such as total organic carbon (TOC) content and mineralogy [5, 16, 17, 21,22,23]. Most researchers concluded that TOC content has a positive relationship with porosity in shales [4, 16, 18, 27,28,29]. Mastalerz et al [16] suggest that OM contributes micropores to total porosity in organic-rich marine shales. Milliken et al [17] proposed higher clay content may allow the collapse of OM pores and interparticle pores, especially for deeply buried shales that have undergone immense compaction [40]
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