Petrogenesis of A-type granites associated with Sn–Nb–Zn mineralization in Ririwai complex, north-Central Nigeria: Constraints from whole-rock Sm[sbnd]Nd and zircon Lu[sbnd]Hf isotope systematics

Abstract

We report a combined study of whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemistry, SmNd isotope composition, zircon U/Pb dating, and LuHf systematics of peralkaline and aluminous A-type granites from the Ririwai Ring Complex in north-central Nigeria. The Ririwai peralkaline and aluminous A-type granites are strongly ferroan, alkalic to alkali-calcic, and enriched in Hf, Zr, Ga, Rb, Y and REEs. They were emplaced between 176 ± 2.3 Ma and 169.6 ± 0.75 Ma. The peralkaline granites yield relatively higher ɛNd(t) (−2.3 to −1.2) and zircon ɛHf(t) values (−5.8 to −1.7) than the aluminous granites (ɛNd(t) = −3.6 to −3.3; zircon ɛHf(t) = −7.8 to −2.4). In addition, inherited zircons in the aluminous granites yield Pan-African (~590 Ma) ages and low ɛHf(t) values (−14.0). Taken together, these data suggest that the granites formed from extensive fractional crystallization of a transitional basaltic melt derived from an enriched OIB mantle source. The depletions of MgO, CaO, Ti2O, Sr and Ba in the granites indicate that Mg-rich olivine, calcic pyroxene, calcic amphibole, feldspars and FeTi oxides were the major fractionated phases during magma evolution. In addition, several types of evidence, e.g., moderately negative ɛNd(t) and ɛHf(t) values, and the presence of inherited zircons, imply that the parental melt was modified by assimilation of Pan-African upper crust into which the granites were emplaced. A transtensional regime generated prior to late Jurassic breakup of Gondwana, which led to reactivation of shear zones and opening of associated transcurrent faults, paved the way for emplacement of the A-type suite. The Sn–Nb–Zn mineralization of the Ririwai A-type suite was probably linked to complex magmatic evolutionary processes involving extensive fractional crystallization coupled with crustal assimilation and late-stage hydrothermal fluid activity.