Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets.

Alais M Dall Agnol,Amauri A Alfieri,Alice F Alfieri

doi:10.3390/v12080903

Alais M Dall Agnol, Amauri A Alfieri + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/v12080903

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Journal: Viruses	Publication Date: Aug 18, 2020
Citations: 12	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Londrina

Abstract

The atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the species Pestivirus K of the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae, and it has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although APPV was discovered in 2015, evidence shows that APPV has circulated in pig herds for many years, at least since 1986. Due to the frequently reported outbreaks of CT on different continents, the importance of this virus for global pig production is notable. Since 2015, several studies have been conducted to clarify the association between APPV and CT. However, some findings regarding APPV infection and the measures taken to control and prevent the spread of this virus need to be contextualized to understand the infection better. This review attempts to highlight advances in the understanding of APPV associated with type A-II CT, such as etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control and prevention measures, and also describes the pathophysiology of the infection and its consequences for pig production. Further research still needs to be conducted to elucidate the host’s immune response to APPV infection, the control and prevention of this infection, and the possible development of vaccines.

Highlights

In 2015, the atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was first described and identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in pig serum samples [1]
The virus was not believed to be associated with any clinical manifestations; later, an experimental inoculation study conducted in the United States (US)
Demonstrated that APPV was associated with the occurrence of congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets [2]

Summary

Introduction

In 2015, the atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was first described and identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in pig serum samples [1]. The virus was not believed to be associated with any clinical manifestations; later, an experimental inoculation study conducted in the United States (US). Demonstrated that APPV was associated with the occurrence of congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets [2]. The occurrence of APPV associated with CT is frequently reported by several studies on different continents, including the Americas (North and South), Europe, and Asia [3,4]. This review aims to address advances in understanding APPV associated with CT type A-II and further describe the pathophysiology of this virus and its consequences for pig production.

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