Abstract
BackgroundBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 are members of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. This genus also includes the HoBi-like virus, tentatively classified as BVDV type 3. BVDV-1 is widely distributed in Italy despite the extensive use of BVDV-1-based vaccines, while BVDV-2 and HoBi-like Pestivirus have been detected occasionally. Monitoring the occurrence of sporadic or atypical pestiviruses is a useful approach to evaluate the need for additional vaccine strains that can be used in BVDV control programs.ResultsIn this study we developed a multiwell antibody ELISA based on the recombinant E2 protein of the three bovine pestiviruses. We evaluated the assay’s applicability for surveillance purposes using pooled milk samples, each prepared from a maximum of 35 lactating cows and collected from 176 dairy herds. As expected, the majority of the pooled samples reacted to a greater extent against the BVDV-1 E2 antigen. All three milk pools from a single farm reacted to the BVDV-2 antigen, however. Further analysis using spot tests, antigen detection, and sequence analysis of the 5′-UTR region confirmed the presence of five persistently infected calves carrying a BVDV-2a strain.ConclusionsThis study highlights for the first time that sporadic circulation of BVDV-2 can be predicted by immunoenzymatic methods in the absence of specific vaccination.
Highlights
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 are members of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family
Sheep immunized with the inactivated whole virus preparation of BVDV type 1, 2, and HoBi-like pestivirus developed a strong immunoresponse against E2 viral glycoprotein
The results showed a large difference in Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reactivity, leading to the assumption that expression levels differed widely, with BVDV type 1 E2 being 100 times more reactive than the HoBi-like one
Summary
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 are members of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. This genus includes the HoBi-like virus, tentatively classified as BVDV type 3. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 belong to the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, along with border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine disease virus [1]. Other atypical pestiviruses include HoBi-like virus, tentatively classified as BVDV type 3 [2, 3], and wild ungulate pestiviruses. The severity of clinical signs is strictly associated with the viral strain and the type of infection. The lifespan of PI animals is usually short due to early culling or the development of mucosal disease (MD), a fatal outcome arising from mutation of the NCP strain to its cytopathic (CP) counterpart
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