Pesticides as a potential independent childhood leukemia risk factor and as a potential confounder for electromagnetic fields exposure

Abstract

BackgroundBoth pesticides and high magnetic fields are suspected to be childhood leukemia risk factors. Pesticides are utilized at commercial plant nurseries, which sometimes occupy the areas underneath high-voltage powerlines. ObjectivesTo evaluate whether potential pesticide exposures (intended use, chemical class, active ingredient) utilized at plant nurseries act as an independent childhood leukemia risk factor or as a confounder for proximity to, or magnetic fields exposure from, high-voltage powerlines. MethodsWe conducted a state-wide records-based case-control study for California with 5788 childhood leukemia cases and 5788 controls that examined specific pesticide use, magnetic field exposures and distances to both powerlines and plant nurseries. Exposure assessment incorporated geographic information systems, aerial satellite images, and other historical information. ResultsChildhood leukemia risk was potentially elevated for several active pesticide ingredients: permethrin (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.83–2.67), chlorpyrifos (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.89–1.87), dimethoate (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.85–3.76), mancozeb (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.85–2.33), oxyfluorfen (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.75–2.66), oryzalin (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.97–2.63), and pendimethalin (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.81–2.25). Rodenticide (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.78–2.56) and molluscicide (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.82–1.81) exposure also presented potentially elevated childhood leukemia risks. Childhood leukemia associations with calculated fields or powerline proximity did not materially change after adjusting for pesticide exposure. Childhood leukemia risks with powerline proximity remained similar when pesticide exposures were excluded. DiscussionPesticide exposure may be an independent childhood leukemia risk factor. Childhood leukemia risks for powerline proximity and magnetic fields exposure were not explained by pesticide exposure.