Abstract

Agricultural intensification is always associated with increased pest problems, which lead to increased use of pesticides. Being relatively cheap, effective and easy to use, farmers resort to chemical pesticides to overcome their pest problems. However, over-dependence and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides have generated adverse effects on humans and the environment, causing resistance in pests and the destruction of natural enemies. For example, the indiscriminate use of pesticides resulted in outbreaks of brown planthoppers which destroyed rice worth US$2.4 million in Malaysia in the late 1970s.

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