Abstract
Information on pesticide use types and pesticide use are needed to estimate pesticide emissions in the surface water. Unfortunately, these data is either limited or even non-exist in most lowand middleincome country like Indonesia. This problem is considered a missing link in the water monitoring system, especially in the emission estimation model approach. To overcome that problem, a questionnaire survey about pesticide use by the farmer was conducted in the Upper Citarum River Basin (UCRB) agriculture area. The survey result showed that 31 pesticides were used by farmers in UCRB, with pesticide type of insecticide (58%) as the most used by the farmers. Overall, Profenofos and Mancozeb had the widest used in UCRB. For rice crops, as the broadest agriculture area in UCRB, Carbamates and Pyrethroid-based insecticides such as Carbofuran and Deltamethrin were the most frequently mentioned pesticides of the farmers. The variation in application frequency influenced the amount of pesticide use for each crop. In general, the frequency of pesticide application for vegetables was higher (from 7-10 times/ month) than rice and tubers (≤ 1 time/ month).
Highlights
Continuing population growth drives the increasing demand for food
The pesticides in use consisted of 5 pesticide groups: insecticide (i.e., Abamectin, Alpha-cypermethrin, Beta-cyfluthrin, Carbofuran, Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorfenapyr, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Dimehypo, Emamectin Benzoate, Endosulfan, Imidacloprid, Lufenuron, Methomyl, MIPC, Profenofos, Spinetoram); fungicide (Azoxystrobin, Chlorothalonil, Difenoconazole, Mancozeb, Maneb, Mefenoxam, Metiram, Propineb); plant growth regulator (PGR) (2Nitrophenol Sodium Salt & 4-Nitrophenol Sodium Salt); rodenticide (Brodifacoum); and herbicide (Metsulfuron-methyl & Paraquat dichloride)
The questionnaire result showed that 31 pesticides were in use by farmers in the Upper Citarum River Basin (UCRB), consisting of 58% of insecticides, 26% of fungicides, 7% of herbicides, 3% rodenticides, and 7 % PGR
Summary
Continuing population growth drives the increasing demand for food. To fulfill the increase in demand, agricultural activities are intensified. Surface water contamination due to pesticide use is a high priority environmental issue and a cause of primary global concern [9]. It is essential to know the surface water concentrations of pesticides for estimating risks for ecology and human health, setting priorities, and regulation [12, 13]. Fate, and transport is one tool to obtain pesticide concentration in water. One crucial variable in the emission estimation model is the pesticide use data, i.e., the amounts used and application frequency per crop type. This kind of data is not centrally available or difficult to obtain in many low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. It's generally only available in other countries through expensive market research or at the national scale, which may not be representative of localized conditions [15]
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