Abstract
BackgroundPesticide levels are generally monitored within agricultural areas, but are commonly not assessed at public places. To assess possible contamination of non-target areas, 71 public playgrounds located next to intensively managed apple and wine orchards were selected in four valleys of South Tyrol (northern Italy). Further, the impact of environmental site characteristics on the number and concentration of pesticides was assessed. Grass samples from the selected playgrounds were collected and screened for 315 pesticide residues using standard gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.ResultsNearly half of the playgrounds (45%) were contaminated by at least one pesticide and a quarter (24%) by more than one. Eleven of the 12 different detected pesticides are classified as endocrine-active substances including the insecticide phosmet and the fungicide fluazinam showing the highest concentrations (0.069 and 0.26 mg kg−1, respectively). Additionally, one disinfectant and one preservation agent was found. Playgrounds in Venosta valley were most often contaminated (76% of all investigated playgrounds), highest concentrations were found in the Low Adige (2.02 mg kg−1). Pesticide concentrations were positively associated with areal proportion of apple orchards in the surroundings, the amount of rainfall and wind speed. In contrast, increasing global irradiance, opposite wind direction, increasing distance to agricultural sites and high wind speeds when pesticide application was not allowed were associated with decreasing pesticide contamination.ConclusionThis study is among the first investigating pesticide contamination of public playgrounds together with environmental factors in areas with pesticide-intensive agriculture at the beginning of the growing season. It is likely that playgrounds will be affected by more pesticides and higher concentrations over the course of the crop season. The result, that the majority of the detected pesticides are classified as endocrine active is worrisome as children are especially vulnerable. Hence, we recommend that pesticide risk assessments should better include protection measures for non-target areas.
Highlights
Pesticide levels are generally monitored within agricultural areas, but are commonly not assessed at public places
12 different pesticides were identified within the study sites, including five insecticides, six fungicides, and one herbicide
All other 11 of the 12 pesticides are associated with endocrine activity
Summary
Pesticide levels are generally monitored within agricultural areas, but are commonly not assessed at public places. In 2012, about 2600 × 106 kg of pesticides were used worldwide [5] and in 2014, 396 × 106 kg of pesticides were applied in the European Union [31, 61] Besides their designated function, pesticides and their residues remain active and can drift far beyond their target areas via air, water, soil erosion or leaching [58]. Occupational pesticide exposure was found to increase the general risk of cancer [2, 45]. To the occupational pesticide exposure, indirect exposure via air drift, water and nutrition may affect humans living near intensively managed agricultural areas. Exposure to a variety of different pesticides might trigger synergistic effects [48], which are extremely difficult to anticipate [18]
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