Abstract
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a serious insect pest in pome fruit production worldwide with a preference for apple. The pest is known for having developed resistance to several chemical groups of insecticides, making its control difficult. The control and management of the codling moth is often hindered by a lack of understanding about its biology and ecology, including aspects of its population genetics. This review summarizes the information about the origin and biology of the codling moth, describes the mechanisms of resistance in this pest, and provides an overview of current research of resistant pest populations and genetic research both in Europe and globally. The main focus of this review is on non-pesticide control measures and anti-resistance strategies which help to reduce the number of chemical pesticides used and their residues on food and the local environment. Regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is essential for proactive management to mitigate potential insecticide resistance. Here we describe techniques for the detection of resistant variants and possibilities for monitoring resistance populations. Also, we present our present work on developing new methods to maintain effective control using appropriate integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies for this economically important perennial pest.
Highlights
Origin and Biology of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonellaThe codling moth (CM) (Cydia pomonella L.) is a key pest in most pome fruit orchards in Croatia and worldwide
Pajač et al [15] confirmed that there is a possibility that an additional generation of the pest can develop in Croatia in years in which the sum of degree-days is higher than the average
CM is the most harmful insect species of the Tortricidae family that causes economic damage to apple production worldwide. The suppression of this pest in the past relied on intensive insecticide application(s) which led to the development of resistance and caused a decrease in population of beneficial species which were once the only natural regulators of pest populations in apple farming
Summary
The codling moth (CM) (Cydia pomonella L.) is a key pest in most pome fruit orchards in Croatia and worldwide. CM adults are small (~10 mm in length) They can be distinguished from other moths associated with fruit trees by their dark brown wingtips that have shiny, coppery markings [8]. Pajač et al [15] confirmed that there is a possibility that an additional (third) generation of the pest can develop in Croatia in years in which the sum of degree-days is higher than the average. As the climate has changed and higher daily and annual temperatures are recorded, it is thought that this has a resulting impact on the biology of this pest
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