Abstract
Publisher Summary Perturbed neuronal calcium homeostasis occurs in many different neurodegenerative disorders. The causes of the perturbed calcium homeostasis include increased levels of oxidative and metabolic stress, and mutations affecting proteins that modulate specific aspects of cellular calcium homeostasis. Over activation of glutamate receptors under conditions of increased oxidative and metabolic stress appears to contribute greatly to the increased vulnerability of neurons to age-related degeneration. Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum play pivotal roles in regulating neuronal calcium homeostasis, and alterations in the calcium-regulating functions of these organelles contribute to the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The specific molecular and biochemical alterations responsible for disruption of neuronal calcium homeostasis are being elucidated in disorders ranging from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases to stroke. The nervous system possesses a remarkable array of neuroprotective signal transduction pathways including those activated by neurotrophic factors and cytokines.
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