Persulfate activation with sodium alginate/sulfide coated iron nanoparticles for degradation of tetrabromobisphenol a in soil

Abstract

The accumulation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil posed a serious threat to ecosystem and human health. Sodium alginate/sulfide coated iron nanoparticles (SA@S–Fe NPs) was synthesized by a two-step modification of Fe NPs prepared with tung tree leaves extracting solution, and utilized as a persulfate (PS) activator to degrade TBBPA in soil. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization showed a theoretical maximum TBBPA degradation reaching 99.79% at the 34.28 °C, SA@S–Fe NPs and PS additions of 3.57 g kg−1 and 36.35 mM, respectively. The degradation mechanism of TBBPA suggested that the main reactive species produced in the SA@S–Fe NPs/PS system were •OH, SO4•−, and O2•−. Proposed mechanisms for the degradation of TBBPA in soil involved debromination, benzene rings split, hydroxylation, demethylation, and complete mineralization to CO2 and H2O. We also further studied the effect to soil physicochemical properties and morphology structure during TBBPA degradation in SA@S–Fe NPs/PS system, which showed that SOM, TN, C/N and TOC slightly reduced, the heavy metals Fe, Cu and Zn still existed in stable residue form, and the soil morphology showed a certain degree of aggregation. Therefore SA@S–Fe NPs/PS technology can effectively degrade soil TBBPA, maintain soil fertility, curb the migration of heavy metals, and environmental risks.