Abstract
Perspectives on Insulin Stimulation of Glucose Transport
Highlights
After the successful quantitative isolation of sufficiently purified insulin to inject into type I diabetic children by Banting, Best, Collip, and McCloud (1921) at the University of Toronto, insulin has been the most intensively studied of all hormones in endocrinology
Insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen to store glucose for maintenance of blood glucose during times of fasting
The number of glucose transporters in a cell vary with cell type, where erythrocytes which are not sensitive to insulin have the highest count at 200,000 transporters per cell [1]
Summary
After the successful quantitative isolation of sufficiently purified insulin to inject into type I diabetic children by Banting, Best, Collip, and McCloud (1921) at the University of Toronto, insulin has been the most intensively studied of all hormones in endocrinology. The energy needs for cells to survive are met with the intrinsic complement of transporters for each cell type, as long as glucose is present in the extracellular fluid. Insulin sensitive tissues such as liver, fat, and muscle, contain insulin receptor proteins on the outer surface of the membrane with structures that bind insulin when present in the fed state. Every time a meal is consumed, insulin is secreted from pancreatic beta cells into the bloodstream that is quickly followed by increased glucose uptake into sensitive tissues. It must be emphasized that the chief purpose for insulin to increase glucose uptake rates is not to provide additional energy for cellular function. Differing published views developed from these data were analyzed and weighted for consistency with available facts and by considering the known physiologic purposes for the hormone
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