Abstract
Animal models are integral and indispensable for biomedical research and regenerative medicine studies, as these provide invaluable information for systemically evaluating the potential risks and efficacy of newly developed biomaterials, drugs, medical devices, and therapeutic modalities, prior to initiation of human clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to be aware of the unique strengths and limitations of the various different small and large animal models commonly utilized for biomedical research as well as the various challenges faced in extrapolating results acquired from animal studies and the risks of data misinterpretation. This review will thus critically examine various animal models utilized for studies on articular cartilage regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on comparing and analyzing the unique strengths and limitations of each animal model, with the aim of establishing principles for evaluating the suitability of different animal models for individual studies as well as for comprehensive interpretation and extrapolation of results obtained from various animal species. Additionally, this review will also discuss to evaluate animal studies with in situ imaging techniques, how the animal genome may result in variability in experimental outcomes, as well as the contribution of animal models to the development of cartilage tissue engineering.
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