Perspectives of Neglect

Child Abuse Pediatrics: A new pediatric subspecialty

The problem of child abuse was first described by Kempe et al. in their landmark article entitled "the battered child syndrome" which was published in 1962. Since then the problem has had increased recognition worldwide and legal solutions and state-enforced statutes have been put in place to combat this menace in many Western countries. In the US child abuse is the second most important cause of serious head injuries and deaths after motor vehicle accidents. There are only a few published reports of child abuse in Saudi Arabia the majority of them from tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh and a recent one from Jubail. In this communication we report three cases of child abuse seen in Civil Hospital Khamis Mushayt in the year 1999. This is the first report of child abuse to be presented from this region of Saudi Arabia. (excerpt)

Child neglect and abuse is expressed as the failure of parent, guardian, or other caregiver to attend to a child's fundamental demands. Thus, the study sought to examine effect of child abuse and neglect on academic performance in schools in Canada. The target population included 374 teachers and learners. Questionnaires were utilized to gather the information. The research found there is a significant impact of child abuse and neglect on students' academic performance. The results indicated that when child abuse and neglect increase by one unit, the student's academic performance will reduce by 0.3441 units when other factors are held constant. Preventing child abuse and neglect requires addressing risk and protective factors at the individual, relational, community, and societal levels. Child abuse is whereby a parent or any other individual who has a duty for the child protection causes injury, death, emotional harm, or risk of severe damage to a child. Child abuse can include physical abuse, sexual assault, exploitation, and psychological abuse. Psychological abuse is the most typical form of abuse, with physical abuse being the most reported and sexual assault being the least reported. Child abuse and neglect impact learning adversely. The research suggested that parents constantly show their children love and affection and meet their needs. The government should put mechanisms to protect children from any form of abuse. The neglected children need to be helped by the community or government with the basic needs to enhance their survival. It was recommended that public engagement and education campaigns and practical approaches be adopted to reduce corporal punishment. The communities need to be engaged in efforts to address family needs, and families need to be able to access supports and resources where they live, work, and worship. Keywords: Child Abuse, Neglect, Academic Performance, Canada

Nurses have a key role in the recognition, reporting, and channelization of child abuse and neglect. Nurses should have sufficient knowledge about the presentation of child abuse and neglect. They also need to understand their role in reporting any instance where they detect cases of abuse and neglect. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a structured Child Neglect and Abuse Educational Program (CNaA-EP) on the level of knowledge and awareness of nursing students about child neglect and abuse. This study conducted with nursing students used a pretest-post-test quasi-experimental design. The third-year nursing students were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 25) and control groups (n = 30). The intervention group received CNaA-EP. In both groups, pretests were performed using the "Child Abuse and Neglect Awareness Scale," and "Child Abuse and Neglect Knowledge Test" The posttest was conducted 1 week after the 14-week CNaA-EP course was completed. Numbers, percentages, chi-square test, t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Fisher's exact test were conducted using SPSS 22.00 software. The education group's scores of child abuse/neglect awareness (t = -2.768 p < 0.05) and child abuse/neglect knowledge (t = -12.416 p < 0.01) were significantly higher than those of the control group. After the education program, a significant difference was found between the education and control groups on the core measures. A child neglect and abuse education program was an effective method of educating nursing students on knowledge and awareness of child abuse and neglect. For this reason, education programs should be planned and implemented to increase awareness about abuse and neglect problems that threaten children's health and development.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the awareness of nursing department students about child neglect and abuse and their attitudes about reporting cases of child neglect and abuse. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 464 students studying at the Department of Nursing of the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university. No sampling was performed in the study, and 331 students who agreed to participate in the research were included in the study. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, The Diagnosis Scale of The Risks and Symptoms of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Healthcare Provider Attitudes Toward Child Maltreatment Reporting Scale. The research data were collected by the researchers by face-to-face interview method between March-April 2022.In the analysis of the data, percentage distributions, averages, the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and correlation analysis were used. Results: The Diagnosis Scale of the Risks and Symptoms of Child Abuse and Neglect score average of the students participating in the study was 3.66±0.41, and their score average on the Healthcare Provider Attitudes Toward Child Maltreatment Reporting Scale was 67.14±7.47. A significant difference was found between the students' gender, year in school, the status of having received a course/lesson/training on neglect and abuse, and their average scores on The Diagnosis Scale of The Risks and Symptoms of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Healthcare Provider Attitudes Toward Child Maltreatment Reporting Scale. It was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between students' knowledge levels on child abuse and neglect and their attitudes towards reporting child abuse. Conclusion: Professionals working in the field of health have an important role in the prevention, detection and treatment of abuse and neglect cases. For this reason, education of professionals, society, families and children working on this issue is at the forefront of the actions that need to be aware of to identify and report neglect and abuse.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Investments in Adverse Childhood Experience Prevention Efforts

World report on violence and health: What it means for children and pediatricians

In this study, we aimed to determine the level of available information and gaps which are related to child abuse and neglect in last ten tears. Literature review made on systematic reviews and meta-analysis in Pubmed database that has the “ Child abuse and neglect” or “Child maltreatment” keywords. Studies published in English through 1st January 2005- 31th March 2015 were reviewed. Totally 112 article were resulted in the search but only 101 of them were full text and also 59 systematic review excluded in the study. 42 articles were examined which are matching the criterias. Articles were classified according to subjects of the articles (identification, prevention, intervention, identification of the relationships, and others), types of child abuse-neglect (physical, emotional, sexual and others). Although we reached the systematic reviews related to child neglect and all types of child abuse, systematic reviews about emotional and sexual abuse are inadequate. The studies about intervention and identification of relations are insufficient. We observed the gap in the literature, in this direction. Child abuse and neglect regardless of the kind; create irreversible trauma and also leads to problems in the child's adulthood. Therefore; identification and prevention is a priority, If prevention is impossible; it is a quite vital importance to intervent as soon as possible. Despite the achievement of systematic compilation associated with child neglect and abuse; especially intervention studies about emotional and sexual abuse were found as inadequate.

What Helps Children and Young People Move Forward Following Child Maltreatment?

The aim of the present study was to seek relationship between childhood abuse, neglect and personality disorder in drug users. It was hypothesized that (1) there is likely to be a relationship between childhood neglect and personality disorder, (2) childhood neglect and abuse is likely to predict personality disorders in drug users. The data was comprised ofN=50 participants (male) taken from different teaching hospitals of Lahore; Mayo Hospital Lahore, Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Punjab Institute of Mental Health and Fountain House. The data was collected with the help of Demographic Questionnaire, Childhood Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire (Sitwat &amp;Yousaf, 2010) and Comprehensive Diagnostic Instrument for Personality Disorder (CDIP) (Dawood &amp; Khan, 2010). Pearson Product Moment was employed to find out the correlation between childhood abuse, neglect and personality disorders. Stepwise Regression analysis was done to see predictors of personality disorders. The results of Pearson product moment correlation among study variables revealed that emotional abuse and neglectwas significantly and positively related with schizoid personality disorder, whereas sexual abuse and neglect was found significantly and positively related to the narcissistic personality disorder.Results of regression analysis revealed that sexual abuse and neglect was the only variable which significantly predicting narcissistic personality disorder,whereas emotional abuse and neglect was found significant predictor ofschizoid personality disorder.

Child abuse and neglect have a potentially deleterious impact on children's physical, social, and psychological development. Preschool teachers may play a crucial role in the protection, early detection, and the intervention of child abuse and neglect, as they have the opportunity to establish a close contact with the families and to observe day-to-day changes in pupils' behavior. The main purpose of this study is to investigate preschool teachers' experiences and characteristics in relation to their awareness of possible child abuse and neglect signs. A questionnaire survey was designed and administered to 197 preschool teachers who work for the public preschools in the Izmir province of Turkey. In addition to the questionnaire items, a 34-item Likert-type scale measuring the level of familiarity with possible signs of child abuse and neglect was developed. This scale had an internal consistency of 0.94. The results revealed that 10.65% of preschool teachers had training regarding violence against children and 2.03% of them had training in child abuse and neglect. Overall, 35% of all teachers reported that they had prior experience with pupils who were exposed to child abuse and neglect. Moreover, statistical analyses indicated that being a parent and having training in child abuse and neglect, having experience with maltreated children, and having higher job status were significant factors in preschool teachers' ability to recognize the possible signs of child abuse and neglect. Our results support that teacher training in child abuse and neglect can play an important role in preschool teachers' awareness of the possible signs of child abuse and neglect.

Background Healthcare workers are responsible for dealing with pediatric victims of violence. While the awareness and reporting of suspected cases are rising, there is a lack of research that proves the awareness, knowledge, and attitude of healthcare students. Objectives We evaluated the awareness of child abuse and neglect and examined the demographic factors associated with them. Participants and setting The study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah with a sample of 237 undergraduate healthcare students. Methods We utilized the quantitative design and surveyed a convenience sample of 237 healthcare students from March to May 2021. The survey contains questions on child abuse and neglect. Results The respondents' overall mean on the scale was 82.90 (SD = 14.00). The students rated the subscale "Actions considered as child neglect" as the highest (M = 4.18, SD = 1.08), followed by "Actions considered as child abuse" (M = 4.04, SD = 1.21), "Reasons for under-reporting child abuse and neglect cases in Saudi Arabia" (M = 3.34, SD = 0.68), and "Knowledge regarding child abuse and neglect" (M = 3.13, SD = 0.53). The analyses showed that gender (t= -3.88, p< 0.001) and year level (F= 5.98, p= 0.003) were associated with the students' "knowledge regarding child abuse and neglect." Conclusion The findings revealed a good awareness of child maltreatment among healthcare students. However, the students reported a lower awareness of the different reasons for under-reporting child violence cases in Saudi Arabia.

Child neglect, psychological abuse and smartphone addiction among Chinese adolescents: The roles of emotional intelligence and coping style

Aim: The study in descriptive design was carried out to expand the knowledge and risk perception scope of midwifery students on child abuse and neglect. Materials and Methods: The measurement in the descriptive design was composed of 218 volunteer students working in the Midwifery department of a public university (Participation rate: 66%). The data were collected with the “Personal Information Form”, “Scale Form for Recognizing the Signs and Risks of Child Abuse and Neglect”. Results: It was determined that the mean age of the students participating in the study was 21.05±2.14. It was determined that 17% of locals received training on abuse and abuse of their children, and 5% were aware of child abuse and abuse reporting procedures. While 45.4% of the participants stated the findings of children who were neglected and abused, 17% were found to have child neglect and abuse cases. The total scores of the scale for recognizing the symptoms and risks of sexual child abuse and neglect were found to be 241.64±31.31. It was determined that different variables such as studying abuse and getting information/education about abuse, knowing about child abuse and its prohibitions, place of residence, high school graduated differ as using the scale total score and sub-dimension score averages for recognizing the symptoms and risks of child abuse and neglect. Conclusion: It was determined that the dimensions of diagnosis of the symptoms and risks of child abuse and neglect of midwifery students were moderate and affected by different variables. Include more mention of child neglect and abuse in the training curriculum of midwife candidates will be important in the speed of their energy increase in this regard. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Amaç: Tanımlayıcı desendeki çalışma, ebelik öğrencilerinin çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusundaki bilgi ve risk tanıma düzeylerini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı desendeki araştırmanın örneklemini, bir kamu üniversitesinin Ebelik bölümünde öğrenim gören ve araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan 218 öğrenci oluşturdu (Katılım oranı: %66). Veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmalinin Belirti ve Risklerinin Tanılanmasına Yönelik Ölçek Formu” ile toplandı. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaş ortalamasının 21.05±2.14 olduğu tespit edildi. Öğrencilerin %17’sinin öğrenim gördüğü okullarda çocuk ihmali ve istismarı (ÇİVİ) hakkında eğitim aldığı, %5’inin ise ÇİVİ bildirim prosedürlerden haberdar olduğu tespit edildi. Katılımcıların %45.4’ü ihmal ve istismara uğrayan çocukları teşhis edebileceklerini belirtirken, %17’sinin ise çocuk ihmal ve istismarına şahit olduğu saptandı. Öğrencilerin ÇİVİ belirti ve risklerinin tanılanmasına yönelik ölçek toplam puanları 241.64±31.31 olarak tespit edildi. Öğrenim görülen okullarda ihmal ve istismara yönelik bilgi/eğitim alma, çocuk ihmali ve istismarına yönelik uygulanan prosedürleri bilme, yaşanılan yer, mezun olunan lise gibi farklı değişkenlerin ÇİVİ belirti ve risklerinin tanılanmasına yönelik ölçek toplam puan ve alt boyut puan ortalamalarını anlamlı olarak farklılaştırdığı saptandı. Sonuç: Ebelik öğrencilerinin ÇİVİ belirti ve risklerinin tanılanma düzeylerinin orta seviyede olduğu ve farklı değişkenlerden etkilendiği belirlendi. Ebe adaylarının eğitim müfredatında ÇİVİ konusuna daha fazla yer verilmesi öğrencilerin bu konuda farkındalık düzeylerinin artırılmasında önemli olacaktır.

A 1973 study suggested that family planning might be effective in preventing child abuse and neglect. This paper presents data on the relationships of 5 fertility patterns (number of live births birth spacing maternal age at 1st birth number of unplanned births and number of children by different fathers) to 2 forms of maltreatment: child abuse and child neglect. Questionnaires were administered to 518 single mothers receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children in Baltimore in 1984 and 1985. 118 abusive and 119 neglectful mothers were selected from 1744 families receiving child protective services. Child abuse was defined as use of physical force to produce injuries at a minimum severity level of 4 on a 6-point scale. Types of neglect included inadequacies in health care mental health care nutrition hygiene sanitation safety supervision and/or substitute child care. 281 controls were drawn from female recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Dependent variables were coded child abuse status child neglect status and child maltreatment status. Dependent variables were the 5 fertility patterns. Subjects were controlled for demographic variables: race lifetime marital status lifetime employment status mothers age and education. Child neglect was found to be positively associated with increasing number of live births and with the number of different fathers. Child abuse was found to be associated with number of children by different fathers and spacing between 1st and 2nd child as well as by number of live births. Both abuse and neglect were associated with fertility patterns independent of demographic characteristics. However the 2 types of maltreatment differed in the magnitude of their association with the fertility patterns: child neglect was more strongly associated with the fertility patterns than was child abuse. The 2 types of maltreatment displayed both similarities and differences relative to their relationships with the fertility patterns. Both abuse and neglect were associated with having children by different fathers. Both child abusers and child neglectors had more unplanned births than did controls but only when the other fertility patterns were not controlled which implies that adequate family planning would prevent some maltreatment. Age at 1st birth affected both kinds of maltreatment only if the other 4 fertility factors were uncontrolled. Number of live births had a significant effect on neglect while spacing had none. But for abuse spacing had an effect and number of live births did not. Spacing is the only fertility pattern that was consistently associated with abuse and number of live births was consistently associated with neglect. However it is not possible from these findings to conclude that family planning is important for the primary prevention of child neglect and abuse because the observed relationships may simply reflect coping inadequacies of these mothers.