Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells (MSCs) represent progenitor cells of various origin with multiple differentiation potential, representing the most studied population of stem cells in both in vivo pre-clinical and clinical studies. MSCs may be found in many tissue sources including extensively studied adipose tissue (ADSCs) and umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly (UC-MSCs). Most of sanative effects of MSCs are due to their paracrine activity, which includes also release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are small, round cellular derivatives carrying lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids including various classes of RNAs. Due to several advantages of EVs when compare to their parental cells, MSC-derived EVs are currently drawing attention of several laboratories as potential new tools in tissue repair. This review focuses on pro-regenerative properties of EVs derived from ADSCs and UC-MSCs. We provide a synthetic summary of research conducted in vitro and in vivo by employing animal models and within initial clinical trials focusing on neurological, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, and skin diseases. The summarized studies provide encouraging evidence about MSC-EVs pro-regenerative capacity in various models of diseases, mediated by several mechanisms. Although, direct molecular mechanisms of MSC-EV action are still under investigation, the current growing data strongly indicates their potential future usefulness for tissue repair.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known as mesenchymal stromal cells, are progenitor cells known since 1966 when have been described in human bone marrow [1]
Another study conducted by Yan et al focusing on both in vivo and in vitro (human cell lines: fetal hepatocyte (L02) and lung fibroblasts (HFL1)) models, has shown that glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) carried by UC-Mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells (MSCs)-extracellular vesicles (EVs) protected from liver failure caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration [59], which suggested anti-oxidative effect of EVs
Our synthetic review points to the most important mechanisms of extracellular vesicles activity, which has been identified following their administration in several neurological, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, and skin injuries
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known as mesenchymal stromal cells, are progenitor cells known since 1966 when have been described in human bone marrow [1]. Growing evidence indicates that several populations of stem and progenitor cells including MSCs may produce EVs, which may play a role in cell-to-cell communication, and be utilized in regenerative approaches in tissue repair [36,37]. It has been shown that EVs from ADSCs may play a role in regulating more than two hundred signaling pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Jak-STAT, and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathways, involved in guiding of cell fate, differentiation, and proliferation, as well as tissue regeneration [41]
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