Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Severe COVID-19 cases develop severe acute respiratory syndrome, which can result in multiple organ failure, sepsis, and death. The higher risk group includes the elderly and subjects with pre-existing chronic illnesses such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. To date, no specific treatment or vaccine is available for COVID-19. Among many compounds, naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid present in citrus fruits has been investigated for antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties like reducing viral replication and cytokine production. In this perspective, we summarize NAR potential anti-inflammatory role in COVID-19 associated risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Highlights
The respiratory diseases named Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is generated by a respiratory infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1, 2]
5% of patients progress to a severe COVID-19, developing mainly severe acute respiratory syndrome, with 3% needing assisted respiratory mechanic ventilation
Substances that may compete with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor or reduces the ACE2 expression may present an alternative or adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 [99]
Summary
The respiratory diseases named Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is generated by a respiratory infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1, 2]. In a LPS-induced model of inflammation in a mouse model, NAR suppressed TNF and IL-6 production by macrophages and T lymphocytes without interfering in the toll-like receptor (TLR) cascade but by increasing intracellular cytokine degradation through lysosome-dependent mechanisms [23] These data indicate a potential role in the control of inflammation and oxidative stress-related to airway inflammatory insults (Figure 2A). NAR was able to modulate different inflammation syndromes and at different sites, such as colitis [58], hepatitis [59], obesity [60], cancer [61], and acute respiratory syndrome [36] This is important in COVID-19, because SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a systemic inflammation and can infect many different organs including lungs, heart, liver, brain, kidneys, and the intestines [62]. The TPC1 and TPC2’s modulation by NAR should be further investigated as a possible anti-coronavirus intervention
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