Abstract
Following the European Union’s restriction on antibiotic growth promoters, research on enhancing gut health has been accelerated. As the poultry industry is facing issues that were previously managed by antimicrobial growth promoters, the hunt for the best remedies continues to find suitable alternatives. Simultaneously, social pressure is mounting to reduce the usage of antibiotics and replace them with other feed additives. Consumers believe a number of accessible options to be safe, with phytogenics playing a crucial role. This review describes how the use of fennel seeds could be beneficial for poultry. An overview of the broad chemical diversity of fennel is presented together with their physicochemical and biological properties. According to investigations, fennel seeds have a variety of biological effects in birds, including improved performance, higher immune cell proliferation, reduced oxidative stress, and boosted antibody titers against infectious diseases. The efficacy of poultry outcomes is determined by the stage and age of the plants, the extraction process, the geographical location, the chicken species, management techniques, and the concentrations administered. The present review focuses on the effects of fennel seeds as a feed additive on poultry growth, carcass quality, blood biochemistry, antioxidant activity, immunity, and microbiological aspects.
Highlights
Introduction iationsDietary antibiotics have undoubtedly played an important role in animal production as a growth and health booster
This fluctuation in lymphoid organ relative weight could be attributed to the active chemicals in fennel seed, as well as thyroid hormones, which stimulate the immune system of birds and provide energy for the conversion of plasma cells to B-cells [113]
The antioxidative effect of fennel seed as a feed additive on the quality of chicken meat was investigated in contrast to a control diet with conventional feed additives
Summary
Saleh et al [76] and Al-Sagon et al [61] found that supplementing broiler. Performance in Poultry diets with fennel seed powder boosted feed intake under heat stress conditions. Gharthe diet of broilers had no effect on feed consumption These contradictory results could be ghani et al [70] on the other hand, found that including fennel seeds in the diet had no owing to the concentration of fennel active components and their level in the meal. The presence of essential oil and active ingredients in fennel seed such as anethole and adding fennel seed to the diet of broilers had no effect on feed consumption. These conestragol, which stimulate the secretion of bile acid and digestive enzymes like protease, tradictory results could be owing to the concentration of fennel active components and lipase, amylase, and maltase, facilitate digestion, may be the reason for increased feed contheir level in the meal. Essential oils (methyl chavicol, limonene, anethole, fenchone, phellandrene, anisic acid, camphene, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, pinine, and petroselenic acids, volatile chemicals, and flavonoids) are abundant in fennel seeds powder [52,70] and may cause possible growth improvement in poultry
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