Perspective on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Defense Strategies

Abstract

Abstract: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced via a variety of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms that lead to severe impairment in human diseases. Nevertheless, thanks to the presence of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which in favors of neutralizing these species. Along with several non-enzymatic antioxidants with modest molecular masses, the human body additionally possesses a highly potent intrinsic enzymatic antioxidant system. An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control and/or oxidative damage. These oxidative injuries are frequently linked to cancer, aging, and neurological diseases. Direct measurements of the concentrations of reactive species are nearly impossible due to their incredibly short half-lives and fairly expensive systems. Therefore, rather than directly measuring reactive species, products created by oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA are frequently utilized to estimate the degree of oxidative damage. These oxidative damage products are typically referred to as biomarkers. The assessment of these biomarker concentrations, as well as fluctuations in the concentration of protective antioxidants, might provide significant information for preventing certain diseases and maintaining optimal health. This study aims to summarize the data of the potential biomarkers related to the putative ROS pathway that have been implicated. Additionally, the intervention using therapeutic exogenous antioxidant as defense strategies in balancing the redox reactions and their ramifications has also been discussed.