Abstract
Genes are the sources of information used for creating amino acids which are then assembled to form protein structures (molecules). Together, the various protein structures function in different catalytic and structural activities that are responsible for establishing phenotypes we see. Although both gene and proteins are equally involved in the biological functions that determine th phenotypes, considerable amount of time has been portioned, by geneticists and breeders alike, for dissection of gene architecture and its characteristics comparative to proteins. Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes. They function as catalysts, they transport and store other molecules such as oxygen, they provide mechanical support and immune protection, they generate movement, they transmit nerve impulses, and they control growth and differentiation. Indeed, much of this text will focus on understanding what proteins do and how they perform these functions. Understanding protein structure and its functions is instrumental for advancing molecular sciences. This review attempts to shed some light on structure of proteins, relationship between amino acid sequence and DNA base sequence, hierarchical nature of protein structure as well as the relationship between protein structure and its functions. The information synthesized could provide an insight into the complex nature of proteins and its importance in the perception of biological sciences.
Highlights
Understanding protein structure and its functions is critical for enhancing breeding tools and molecular genetics
The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) is important not because of its structure per se, but because it codes for the sequence of amino acids that
Each gene contains a continuous stretch of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) whose length is directly related to the number of amino acids in the protein it represents
Summary
Understanding protein structure and its functions is critical for enhancing breeding tools and molecular genetics. Enzymatic activity of each protein follows from its primary sequence of amino acids. The function of the DNA is determined by its sequence directly, not via any intermediary code. Both types of region, genes expressed as proteins and sequences recognized as such, constitute genetic information [4, 2]. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is important not because of its structure per se, but because it codes for the sequence of amino acids that. The peptide bonds of the polypeptides are rigid planar units formed due to reaction between amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Rest of the bonds around the carbon atoms are true single bonds with considerable freedom of movement (Figure 2)
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More From: American Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
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