Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have been mainly applied to investigate the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in the diagnosis of environmental stress. Moss is sensitive to several abiotic stresses and is considered an environmental indicator. Therefore, moss chlorophyll fluorescence can be as a visual parameter applicable for monitoring heavy metal contaminants in water. Different from previous studies with value changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in mosses, we suggest that phenotypes with anthocyanin accumulation pattern and chlorosis pattern and colors of chlorophyll fluorescence images of the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) could reflect metal species groups and concentrations roughly. And we further indicated that Cr(III) and Cr(VI) could be monitored distinguishably according to the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) fluorescence of sporadic purple and sporadic lavender images, respectively. It is interesting that the fluorescence color patterns were nearly the same for all treatment concentrations. This perspective provides additional data of chlorophyll fluorescence changes in moss under cold, heat, salinity, high light or osmotic stress. Only heat stress and high light have significant effects on the fluorescence parameters of Fv/Fm and ΦPSII. In contrast, mosses are less sensitive to short-term cold, salinity, and osmotic stress. While NPQ decreases rapidly under the osmotic stress. Nevertheless, heat stress, high light or osmotic stress does not usually co-occur in the place where the moss grows. Estimation through moss chlorophyll fluorescence color patterns is still a rapid and non-invasive method to monitor heavy metal pollutions in water.
Highlights
As a result of global climate change, an increase in temperature, changes in precipitation pattern, stress by various environmental factors, alone or in combination, leads to a degradation of natural ecosystems (Hu et al, 2018)
Chlorophyll fluorescence, a powerful tool extensively used to analyze the status and function of photosystem II (PSII), is being commonly employed in detecting the damage to photosynthetic apparatus caused by environmental stress (Stirbet et al, 2018)
Chlorophyll fluorescence, which contains a large amount of information on PSII photochemistry reactions provides a measure of how well plants use the light energy absorbed at PSII for electron transport and is a key measure of photosynthetic activity and performance (Baker, 2008)
Summary
As a result of global climate change, an increase in temperature, changes in precipitation pattern, stress by various environmental factors, alone or in combination, leads to a degradation of natural ecosystems (Hu et al, 2018). Based on the previous researches using chlorophyll fluorescence to detect abiotic stresses in the aquatic bioindicator mosses (Rau et al, 2007; Proctor and Smirnoff, 2011; Liepina and Ievinsh, 2013; Kangas et al, 2014; Jägerbrand and Kudo, 2016), we provided new ideas to monitor water heavy metals rapidly and non-invasively in a large-scale by moss visible parameters of Fv/Fm and PSII (Chen et al, 2015a). This perspective provides further information about chlorophyll fluorescence changes in moss under cold, heat, salt stress, high light or osmotic stress.
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