Abstract
Recently, nucleic acid-based RNA and DNA vaccines have represented a better solution to avoid infectious diseases than “traditional” live and non-live vaccines. Synthetic RNA and DNA molecules allow scalable, rapid, and cell-free production of vaccines in response to an emerging disease such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The development process begins with laboratory transcription of sequences encoding antigens, which are then formulated for delivery. The various potent of RNA over live and inactivated viruses are proven by advances in delivery approaches. These vaccines contain no infectious elements nor the risk of stable integration with the host cell genome compared to conventional vaccines. Conventional mRNA-based vaccines transfer genes of interest (GOI) of attenuated mRNA viruses to individual host cells. Synthetic mRNA in liposomes forms a modern, refined sample, resulting in a safer version of live attenuated RNA viruses. Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a replicating version of mRNA-based vaccines that encode both (GOI) and viral replication machinery. saRNA is required at lower doses than conventional mRNA, which may improve immunization. Here we provide an overview of current mRNA vaccine approaches, summarize highlight challenges and recent successes, and offer perspectives on the future of mRNA vaccines.
Highlights
Vaccines have been the most successful biomedical invention to prevent the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases [1]
Self-amplifying RNA is a replicating version of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines that encode both (GOI) and viral replication machinery. saRNA is required at lower doses than conventional mRNA, which may improve immunization
Using mRNA vaccines, there is no chance for undesirable mutations, including insertion, breakage, frameshift, or rearrangements, caused by genome integration [63, 64]
Summary
Vaccines have been the most successful biomedical invention to prevent the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases [1]. A vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against target antigens, preventing infection, reducing disease severity, and decreasing the rate of hospitalization. In the second half of the last century, the development of the industrial production of a new series of vaccines was known as the advancing years of vaccinology. The induction of a protective immune response could be a target for new advanced vaccines. Polysaccharide antigens can cause protective immune responses and are the basis of vaccines that have been evolved to prevent several bacterial infections, such as pneumonia and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumonia, since the late 1980s. “recombinant vaccines” were advanced using genetic engineering to produce multivalent vaccines and balance the efficiency of the immune response and the safety of antigens for immunogenicity
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