Personnalité schizotypique en milieu universitaire à Marrakech (Maroc)

Abstract

Schizotypal personality, otherwise known as "latent schizophrenia" is a personality disorder accepted in the spectrum of schizophrenia. Its prevalence is 3% of the general population. The schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) developed by Raine is one of the most-widely used auto-evaluation instruments for the study of this personality disorder, it allows the rapid diagnosis of schizotypal personality, using 74 items divided into nine lower scales, evaluating the total DSM IV-R criteria of this disorder. To explore the schizotypal personality among students in two Moroccan establishments, the medical school in Marrakech and the College of Technology in Safi (EST), through the Raine's SPQ, and to describe the sociodemographic profile of students with schizotypal traits. This is a retrospective study concerning a sample of the first round students in two university sites in Morocco (the medical school in Marrakech and the College of Technology in Safi). The investigation began on October 2004 and was spread over a period of 6 months. The questionnaire was anonymous, divided into two parts; the first part concerning sociodemographic characteristics and the second exploring the SPQ, developed by Raine, assessing nine schizotypal traits specified as such in the DSM IV-R. The average score was 25.33 ± 11.77; with the upper and lower threshold values 44/74 and 10/74 respectively. Males were predominant among schizotypal students (7.24% versus 3.62% among females). Moreover, most of the schizotypal students (16.7%) were living with their parents, 1.4% living alone and only 0.7% with their friends. In the schizotypal students, 11.6% were pursuing their studies in the College of Technology in Safi, and 6.8% in the medical school of Marrakech. The average score for the SPQ was 25.33 ± 11.77 (minimal score 2/74 and maximal score 52/74). Excessive social anxiety total score was 518, the distrust total score was 496, and the lack of close friends total score was 449. Concerning scores for the sub scales: poverty affects, bizarre speech, reference ideas, perceptual experiences, unusual and bizarre beliefs, were respectively 434 (mean 2.94), 430 (mean 2.91); 422 (mean 2.88), 410 (mean 2.66), 337 (mean 2.30). Bizarre and eccentric behavior's total score was 309 (mean 1.97). Finally, our study could not find a relationship between the schizotypal disorder and the consumption of illicit drugs. Schizotypal personality disorder is considered as a trouble-generator spectrum of schizophrenia; patients with this disorder are at high risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly when not detected earlier. The average SPQ questionnaire score in our sample was 25.33+11.77. Very similar scores are found in other studies concerning student populations. According to the method of Raine threshold, scores have been defined by the values corresponding to 10-degree and 90-degree percentile distribution of collected scores. In our study, these lower and upper threshold scores were 10/74 and 44/74 which appear similar to those calculated by Raine (12/74 and 41/74), Dumas et al. (9/74 and 40/74), Dumas et al. (7/74 and 40/74), and in the study of Gaha et al. who found upper and lower threshold score of respectively 9/74 and 42/74. Several epidemiological studies conducted since the early 1990s indicate that the lifetime prevalence of drug consumption (abuse or dependence) is nearly 50% in schizotypal personality before the outbreak of schizophrenic symptoms, schizotypal personalities tend to consume these substances to relieve their anhedonia, to socialize and to allay their anxiety, which explains the co-occurrence of schizophrenia and drug consumption.