Abstract
BackgroundA major reason for poor childhood vaccine coverage in developing countries is the lack of awareness among parents and caregivers regarding the need for immunization and the importance of completing the entire series of vaccines. Short message service (SMS)–based interventions have been quite effective in different programs such as smoking cessation, treatment adherence, health care scheduled appointment attendance, antenatal care attendance, and compliance to immunization. However, there are limited data from low- and middle-income countries on the role of SMS and automated call–based messages and interventions to improve routine immunization (RI) coverage.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to evaluate whether automated mobile phone–based personalized messages (SMS or automated call) can improve RI uptake at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age per the expanded program immunization schedule, compared with a usual care control group. Secondary objectives include assessing the effects of different types of automated SMS text or calls on RI coverage at 20 weeks of age.MethodsThis is a mixed methods study using a clustered randomized controlled trial with 4 intervention arms and 1 control arm, augmented by qualitative interviews for personalizing the message. The study is being conducted in Pakistan (an urban site in Karachi and a rural site Matiari). In Karachi, 250 administrative structures are taken as 1 cluster, whereas in Matiari, a catchment area of 4 Lady Health Workers is considered as 1 cluster. The intervention targets families to receive weekly 1-way or 2-way (interactive) personalized automated SMS or automated phone call messages regarding vaccination. Possible barriers to vaccination are assessed in each family at the time of inclusion to determine the type of personalized messages that should be sent to the family to increase the chance of a positive response. Finally, in-depth interviews using purposive sampling are conducted before and after the trial to determine the family’s vaccination experience and related factors.ResultsAll study participants for the cluster randomized trial were enrolled by January 14, 2019. Study exit interviews at 20-weeks follow-up visits will be completed by June 2019.ConclusionsThe results of this study will be useful to understand the respective effects of SMS text messages versus automated phone–based communication to improve RI coverage and timelines. Moreover, information regarding families’ perceptions of vaccination and the daily life challenges for timely visits to the vaccine clinic will be used for developing more complex interventions that use mobile phone messages and possibly other approaches to overcome barriers in the uptake of correct and timely immunization practices.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03341195; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03341195 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/78EWA56Uo)International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/12851
Highlights
BackgroundPakistan is one of the countries with the highest rates of child death in the world [1]
In Karachi, 250 administrative structures are taken as 1 cluster, whereas in Matiari, a catchment area of 4 Lady Health Workers is considered as 1 cluster
All study participants for the cluster randomized trial were enrolled by January 14, 2019
Summary
Pakistan is one of the countries with the highest rates of child death in the world [1] It ranks 4th in child mortality, with 60% deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) [2]. 75% and 86% of children had received the third dose of the pentavalent and polio vaccines, respectively, due at 14th week and measles vaccination was 73%, which is due at 9 months. These rates are at 1 year of age and much higher than vaccination coverage rate at scheduled time and among conflict hits and displaced populations [4]. There are limited data from low- and middle-income countries on the role of SMS and automated call–based messages and interventions to improve routine immunization (RI) coverage
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