Abstract

Selection of suitable peptide vaccines for individual patients based on the preexisting host immunity before vaccination could induce potent antitumor responses that provide clinical benefit to cancer patients. We have developed a novel immunotherapeutic approach of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) in which a maximum of four human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class IA-matched peptides are selected for vaccination among pooled peptides on the basis of both HLA class IA type and the preexisting host immunity before vaccination. We conducted a series of phase I and phase II clinical trials of PPV, which have shown better antigen-specific immune responses and promising clinical outcomes in patients with various types of advanced cancers. Further randomized phase III trials would be recommended to prove the clinical benefits of PPV. In addition, novel biomarkers for selecting patients who would benefit most from PPV remain to be identified.

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