Personalized medicine in breast cancer: tamoxifen, endoxifen, and CYP2D6 in clinical practice

Abstract

Tamoxifen is metabolized into endoxifen, a potent antagonist of the estrogen receptor, in part through cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2D6. Genotypic variation in CYP2D6 affects endoxifen levels, and some have argued that patients who do not efficiently metabolize tamoxifen might wish to consider alternative hormonal treatments. This study evaluated an algorithm in which endoxifen levels and CYP2D6 genotypes were used to make hormonal therapy recommendations for patients on adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer. Patients with stage I-III breast cancer who had been taking adjuvant tamoxifen for 8-56weeks were eligible. At enrollment, baseline whole blood and serum were sent for genotyping by Amplichip and endoxifen measurement, respectively, and endoxifen levels were also measured 3weeks later. Results were returned to oncologists along with an algorithm-generated treatment recommendation. The algorithm recommended that participants with poor metabolizer genotype and/or baseline endoxifen level <6ng/mL consider alternative endocrine therapy. A medical record review evaluated actual treatment decisions. Of 99 patients on study, 18 (18%) had findings that triggered algorithm-based recommendations to consider a change in endocrine therapy due to endoxifen <6ng/mL (all 18 patients) and/or poor metabolizer CYP2D6 genotype (2 of the 18). Endoxifen levels were ≥6ng/mL in four of them 3weeks later. Seven (39% of 18) switched to a different treatment (one based on toxicity, not the algorithm). Hot flash burden was not found to be significantly associated with endoxifen <6ng/mL or genotype. Prospective testing of tamoxifen metabolism as gauged by CYP2D6 genotype and serum endoxifen levels is feasible. Future studies of tamoxifen metabolism and efficacy should consider including measurement of serial endoxifen levels. Although clinical evidence at present is insufficient to warrant routine CYP2D6 or endoxifen testing, some clinicians and patients did utilize this predefined algorithm to inform clinical decisions regarding optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy.