Abstract
Summary The personal space requirements of 96 undergraduates were measured under indoor (vacant room) and outdoor (empty soccer field) conditions. Two male and two female S s were tested by 24 undergraduate Es; the stop-distance technique was used for both conditions. There was a significant difference between the personal space distances in the two locations. Interpersonal closeness produced less discomfort in open spaces than in vertically restricted areas. These results support a spheroid model in which personal space extends in vertical as well as horizontal directions.
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