Personal and Environmental Risk Factors of Smoking in Male Adolescent

Abstract

Smoking remains a major health problem globally. Smoke uptake usually starts from adolescence age, few among them stops when they reach adulthood. From that pattern, smoking-related death may be increased twice every decade. Early age smokers may experience diseases in later life when they reach adulthood, and they are also at risk of diseases earlier at young age. Physical activity has been found to be one of the risk factor of smoking in adolescent. The objective of this research was to determine the personal and envrionmental risk factors of smoking in male adolescents, including physical activity. This analytical case-control study was performed from May to June 2016 in several senior high schools in Bandung, Indonesia. There were 208 adolescent male subjects, aged 15‒19 years, included in the study and were instructed to fill a smoking questionnaire. One hudred and fourty four subjects were chosen with simple random sampling, divided into smoker and non-smoker group, and were given physical activity questionnaire. Two phases of statistical analysis were done. First, bivariate analysis were done for all subjects characteristics by chi-square test, all characteristics with p< 0.25 were then analyzed by multiple logistic regression. P values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that low and moderate level of physical activity (OR 9.98 (CI 95%: 2.25‒44.32) and 2.65 (CI 95%: 1.02‒6.91), respectively), positive perception of smoking effect on mind {OR 8.76 (CI: 3.41‒22.46)}, and smoking close friends dominance (OR 2.50 (CI 95%: 1.15‒5.43)) increased the risk of smoking. This research showed that low and moderate physical activity, positive perception of smoking, and exposure to smoking close friends increase the risk of smoking in male adolescent.