Abstract
Diverse pathogens, plant hosts, insect vectors, and non-vector herbivores coexist and interact in natural systems. An example is the cooccurrence of insects Bemisia tabaci Q and Frankliniella occidentalis and the pathogens tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on the same plant. In addition, both TYLCV and TSWV are persistently transmitted in these insect species. However, TSWV reduces the fitness of B. tabaci Q; therefore, we investigated whether TSWV affects the transmission of TYLCV to tomato. Both TYLCV and TSWV are persistently transmitted. Although B. tabaci Q cannot transmit TSWV, we found that this insect species is able to acquire and retain this virus serotype, indicating that the effects of TSWV on TYLCV transmission in the current study result from effects on the vector. The acquisition, retention, and transmission of TYLCV by B. tabaci Q were reduced when the insect vector contained TSWV. Additionally, the TYLCV acquisition and transmission by B. tabaci Q were reduced when the host plant was inoculated with TSWV before TYLCV or simultaneously with TYLCV. We also found that F. occidentalis fecundity and transmission of TSWV were reduced when F. occidentalis contained TYLCV. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that persistently transmitted viruses can restrict the transmission of other viruses by affecting their insect vectors.
Highlights
Research has increasingly indicated that vector-borne parasites can manipulate some phenotypes of their vectors or hosts in ways that enhance parasite transmission (Lefèvre and Thomas, 2008; Mauck et al, 2012; Blanc and Michalakis, 2016)
Tomato spotted wilt virus RNA was detected in 40% of the B. tabaci Q adults after a 3-h Acquisition Access Period (AAP) on tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-infected pepper leaves (Table 1)
All B. tabaci Q adult females that probably were infected by TSWV contained detectable TSWV RNA in the 5 d following their transfer onto healthy nonhost cotton plants (Table 1)
Summary
Research has increasingly indicated that vector-borne parasites can manipulate some phenotypes of their vectors or hosts in ways that enhance parasite transmission (Lefèvre and Thomas, 2008; Mauck et al, 2012; Blanc and Michalakis, 2016). Pathogen-induced changes in host-plant phenotypic traits often result in increased attraction of vectors to infected host plants or in other changes in vector performance on infected host plants; the effects of these changes in the host on the interactions between the vector and pathogen can be mutualistic, neutral, or antagonistic (Hammond and Hardy, 1988; Fereres and Moreno, 2009). Pathogen-induced changes in a host-plant phenotypic trait that enhance insect-vector recruitment may increase pathogen transmission via increased herbivory. Persistently transmitted viruses typically enhance host plant quality for insect vectors, resulting in increased insect vector longevity, fecundity, or survival. Non-persistently transmitted viruses usually reduce or have no influence on host plant quality (Mauck et al, 2012)
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